TY - JOUR AU - Akuthota, V. AU - Ferreiro, A. AU - Moore, T. AU - Fredericson, M. PY - 2008 TI - Core stability exercise principles SP - 39-44 N1 - Feb JF - Current Sports Medicine Reports JO - Current sports medicine reports VL - 7 IS - 1 SN - 1537-8918 (Electronic) 1537-890X (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Core stability exercise principles N1 - 18296944 N1 - Akuthota, Venu Ferreiro, Andrea Moore, Tamara Fredericson, Michael Curr Sports Med Rep. 2008 Feb;7(1):39-44. doi: 10.1097/01.CSMR.0000308663.13278.69. M3 - 10.1097/01.CSMR.0000308663.13278.69 N1 - eng KW - Athletic Injuries/physiopathology/prevention & control/*rehabilitation Exercise Therapy/*methods Humans Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology/physiopathology Spine/anatomy & histology/physiopathology Sports Medicine/*methods N2 - Core stability is essential for proper load balance within the spine, pelvis, and kinetic chain. The so-called core is the group of trunk muscles that surround the spine and abdominal viscera. Abdominal, gluteal, hip girdle, paraspinal, and other muscles work in concert to provide spinal stability. Core stability and its motor control have been shown to be imperative for initiation of functional limb movements, as needed in athletics. Sports medicine practitioners use core strengthening techniques to improve performance and prevent injury. Core strengthening, often called lumbar stabilization, also has been used as a therapeutic exercise treatment regimen for low back pain conditions. This article summarizes the anatomy of the core, the progression of core strengthening, the available evidence for its theoretical construct, and its efficacy in musculoskeletal conditions. AD - Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80309, USA. venu.akuthota@uchsc.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18296944 ID - 249 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Akuthota, V. AU - Nadler, S. F. PY - 2004 TI - Core strengthening SP - 86-92 N1 - Mar JF - Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation JO - Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation VL - 85 IS - 3 Suppl 1 SN - 0003-9993 (Print) 0003-9993 (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Core strengthening N1 - 15034861 N1 - Akuthota, Venu Nadler, Scott F Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Mar;85(3 Suppl 1):S86-92. N1 - eng KW - Athletic Injuries/physiopathology/prevention & control/*rehabilitation Exercise Therapy/*methods Humans Low Back Pain/physiopathology/rehabilitation Lumbosacral Region Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology/physiopathology N2 - Core strengthening has become a major trend in rehabilitation. The term has been used to connote lumbar stabilization, motor control training, and other regimens. Core strengthening is, in essence, a description of the muscular control required around the lumbar spine to maintain functional stability. Despite its widespread use, core strengthening has had meager research. Core strengthening has been promoted as a preventive regimen, as a form of rehabilitation, and as a performance-enhancing program for various lumbar spine and musculoskeletal injuries. The intent of this review is to describe the available literature on core strengthening using a theoretical framework. OVERALL ARTICLE OBJECTIVE: To understand the concept of core strengthening. AD - Departmento fRehabilitation MEdicine, University of Colorado, Denver, USA. venu.akuthota@uchsc.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15034861 ID - 245 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Alricsson, M. AU - Werner, S. PY - 2005 TI - Self-reported health, physical activity and prevalence of complaints in elite cross-country skiers and matched controls SP - 547-52 N1 - Dec JF - Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness JO - The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness VL - 45 IS - 4 SN - 0022-4707 (Print) 0022-4707 (Linking) N1 - Self-reported health, physical activity and prevalence of complaints in elite cross-country skiers and matched controls N1 - 16446689 N1 - Alricsson, M Werner, S Italy J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2005 Dec;45(4):547-52. N1 - eng KW - Adolescent Adult *Attitude to Health Back Pain/etiology Case-Control Studies Female *Health Status Humans Male *Motor Activity Motor Skills Prevalence Risk Assessment *Self Concept Skiing/*injuries/physiology/psychology Sports Surveys and Questionnaires Sweden/epidemiology N2 - AIM: The purpose of this study was to compare physical health, physical activity and location for possible symptoms in high school students with cross-country skiers of the same age from ski high schools. Another aim was to study back pain with regards to influence on skiing. METHODS: The subjects studied were: 92% (n=120) of all Swedish cross-country skiers at ski high schools and 68% (n=993) of regular high school students from the North part of Sweden answered a reliable questionnaire (r=1) with regards to health, physical activity and location of possible symptoms/injuries during the last 3 months. Furthermore, the skiers answered questions on possible ski related back pain. RESULTS: All skiers were active also in other sports compared with 26% of the controls and at considerably higher levels of physical effort than the controls; 92% of the skiers and 76% of the controls described themselves as healthy, meaning ''very good'' or ''good'' (P=0.0001); 55% of the skiers and 64% of the controls reported recent symptoms (P=0.06); 47% of the skiers reported previous or present complaints of back pain, mainly low back pain, which could be relieved by changing body position from a flexed to a more extended one while skiing, and 77% reported their back pain to disappear during rest. CONCLUSIONS: These results show the need for encouraging regular high school students to participate in sport. It also shows the importance of introducing preventative strategies regarding back pain to long-distance cross-country skiers, who are exposed to a prolonged flexed position of their back. AD - Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. marie.alricsson@telia.com UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16446689 ID - 1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Alricsson, M. AU - Werner, S. PY - 2006 TI - Young elite cross-country skiers and low back pain-A 5-year study SP - 181-4 N1 - Nov JF - Physical Therapy in Sport JO - Physical therapy in sport : official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine VL - 7 IS - 4 SN - 1466-853X (Print) 1466-853X (Linking) N1 - Young elite cross-country skiers and low back pain-A 5-year study N1 - 21663829 N1 - Alricsson, M Werner, S England Phys Ther Sport. 2006 Nov;7(4):181-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2006.06.003. Epub 2006 Aug 17. M3 - 10.1016/j.ptsp.2006.06.003 N1 - eng N2 - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate possible changes in spinal curvature over a period of 5 years of an elite cross-country skiing squad, and to study whether there are any differences in this respect between individuals who report low back pain and those how do not. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen young cross-country skiers (M age=13.6+/-0.9) participated voluntarily throughout the entire study period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Debrunner's kyphometer was used for measuring the difference between thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis of the spine. All subjects also answered a questionnaire including questions about ski-related low back pain, the amount of ski training, and participation in other sports. RESULTS: The results at the end of the 5-year period comprise data from 15 skiers (M age=18.5+/-0.9 years). The relationship between thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis increased from 3.5 degrees to 13.1 degrees , respectively (p=0.0001). Of the 15 elite cross-country skiers, seven reported low back pain at the 5-year examination. At the 5-year follow-up, skiers with low back pain showed significantly higher relationship between thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis than did those skiers without low back pain, 18.2 degrees and 10.5 degrees , respectively (p=0.035). Of the eight elite cross-country skiers without low back pain, seven were also involved in other sports (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, our advice is that adolescent cross-country skiers also should participate in other physical activities besides cross-country skiing. AD - Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE- 831 25 Ostersund, Sweden. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663829 ID - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Anderson, K. AU - Behm, D. G. PY - 2005 TI - The impact of instability resistance training on balance and stability SP - 43-53 JF - Sports Medicine JO - Sports medicine VL - 35 IS - 1 SN - 0112-1642 (Print) 0112-1642 (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - The impact of instability resistance training on balance and stability N1 - 15651912 N1 - Anderson, Kenneth Behm, David G New Zealand Auckland, N.Z. Sports Med. 2005;35(1):43-53. N1 - eng KW - Adaptation, Physiological Biomechanical Phenomena Humans Physical Education and Training/*methods Postural Balance/*physiology N2 - The most predominant literature regarding balance has emphasised the physiological mechanisms controlling stability. Topics range from extrinsic factors (environment) to intrinsic factors (i.e. muscle coordination, vestibular response). Balance is achieved through an interaction of central anticipatory and reflexive actions as well as the active and passive restraints imposed by the muscular system. However, less research has attempted to document the effects of balance on performance measures (i.e. force, power). Furthermore, short- and long-term adaptations to unstable environments need more substantial research. While force and other performance measures can be adversely affected by a lack of balance, the transferability of instability training to activities of daily living and sport is not precisely known. The applicability of instability and resistance training using unstable platforms or implements may have strong relevance in a rehabilitative or athletic setting. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the literature in this area may possibly be of benefit to practitioners who deal with the general population, athletes or persons debilitated by balance and/or stability disabilities. AD - School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15651912 ID - 250 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Baechle, T.R AU - Earle, R.W AU - Wathen, D PY - 2000 BT - Essentials of strength training and conditioning ED - Baechle, T.R ED - Earle, R.W CT - Resistance training PB - Human Kinetics VL - 3rd SP - 395-425 N1 - Resistance training SN - 0736058036 ID - 693 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bahr, R. AU - Andersen, S.O. AU - Løken, S. AU - Fossan, B. AU - Hansen, T. AU - Holme, I. PY - 2004 TI - Low back pain among endurance athletes with and without specific back loading-a cross-sectional survey of cross-country skiers, rowers, orienteerers, and nonathletic controls SP - 449-54 JF - Spine VL - 29 IS - 4 N1 - Low back pain among endurance athletes with and without specific back loading-a cross-sectional survey of cross-country skiers, rowers, orienteerers, and nonathletic controls ID - 202 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bahr, R. AU - Lian, O. AU - Bahr, I. A. PY - 1997 TI - A twofold reduction in the incidence of acute ankle sprains in volleyball after the introduction of an injury prevention program: a prospective cohort study SP - 172-7 N1 - Jun JF - Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports JO - Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports VL - 7 IS - 3 SN - 0905-7188 (Print) 0905-7188 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - A twofold reduction in the incidence of acute ankle sprains in volleyball after the introduction of an injury prevention program: a prospective cohort study N1 - 9200322 N1 - Bahr, R Lian, O Bahr, I A DENMARK Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997 Jun;7(3):172-7. N1 - eng KW - Adult Ankle Injuries/epidemiology/*prevention & control Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/*prevention & control Cohort Studies Education Exercise Therapy Female Humans Male Norway/epidemiology *Preventive Health Services Prospective Studies Sprains and Strains/*prevention & control N2 - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an injury prevention program, consisting mainly of an injury awareness session, technical training (with emphasis on proper take-off and landing technique for blocking and attacking) and a balance board training program, for players with recurrent sprains. Baseline data were collected during the 1992-93 season and the program was introduced during the 1993-94 season. The 1994-95 season was used to evaluate the effects of the prevention program. The coaches and players in the top two division of the Norwegian Volleyball Federation kept monthly records of exposure time and acute injuries (causing a player to miss at least one playing day). The total exposure time was 149968 h, 132757 h of training and 17211 h of match play during the three seasons. The incidence of ankle injuries was reduced from 0.9 +/- 0.1 per 1000 player hours during the 1992-93 season (48 injuries) to 0.7 +/- 0.1 during the 1993-94 season (38 injuries; NS vs. 1992-93) and to 0.5 +/- 0.1 during the 1994-95 season (24 injuries, P < 0.01 vs. 1992-93). AD - Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education, Oslo, Norway. roald@brage.idrettshs.no UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9200322 ID - 252 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Baker, D. PY - 1996 TI - Improving vertical jump performance through general, special, and specific strength training: A brief review. SP - 131-6 JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research VL - 10 N1 - Improving vertical jump performance through general, special, and specific strength training: A brief review. ID - 679 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bardenett, S. M. AU - Micca, J. J. AU - DeNoyelles, J. T. AU - Miller, S. D. AU - Jenk, D. T. AU - Brooks, G. S. PY - 2015 TI - Functional movement screen normative values and validity in high school athletes: Can the FMS be used as a predictor of injury? SP - 303-8 N1 - Jun JF - International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy JO - International journal of sports physical therapy VL - 10 IS - 3 SN - 2159-2896 (Electronic) N1 - Functional movement screen normative values and validity in high school athletes: Can the FMS be used as a predictor of injury? N1 - 26075145 N1 - Bardenett, Sean M Micca, Joseph J DeNoyelles, John T Miller, Susan D Jenk, Drew T Brooks, Gary S Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015 Jun;10(3):303-8. N1 - eng N2 - BACKGROUND: Limited information exists regarding injury risk factors for high school athletes. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) has been used to identify functional movement impairments and asymmetries, making it a potential predictor of injury. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: To determine if the FMS is a valid predictor of injury in high school athletes and to identify a potential new FMS cutoff score for this population. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective Cohort. METHODS: 167 high school athletes among several sports were scored using the FMS and were monitored for injury during a single season. Likelihood ratios were calculated to determine how much a subject's total FMS score influenced the post-test probability of becoming injured. RESULTS: Of the 167 participants, 39 sustained a musculoskeletal injury. Of all component scores, the in-line lunge scores were significantly higher for injured players. For shoulder mobility, scores were significantly lower for injured players. No statistically significant associations were found between total FMS scores and injury status. CONCLUSION: The FMS may be useful for recognizing deficiency in certain movements, however this data suggests that the FMS should not be used for overall prediction of injury in high school athletes throughout the course of a season. Normative data from a large sample size is now available in the high school athlete demographic. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3. AD - SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA. Sports Physical Therapy of New York, Syracuse, New York, USA. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26075145 ID - 255 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Barnett, F. AU - Gilleard, W. PY - 2005 TI - The use of lumbar spinal stabilization techniques during the performance of abdominal strengthening exercise variations. SP - 38-43 JF - Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness VL - 45 N1 - The use of lumbar spinal stabilization techniques during the performance of abdominal strengthening exercise variations. ID - 680 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Barton, C. J. AU - Lack, S. AU - Hemmings, S. AU - Tufail, S. AU - Morrissey, D. PY - 2015 TI - The 'best practice guide to conservative management of patellofemoral pain': incorporating level 1 evidence with expert clinical reasoning SP - 923-34 N1 - Jul JF - British Journal of Sports Medicine JO - British journal of sports medicine VL - 49 IS - 14 SN - 1473-0480 (Electronic) 0306-3674 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review N1 - The 'best practice guide to conservative management of patellofemoral pain': incorporating level 1 evidence with expert clinical reasoning N1 - 25716151 N1 - Barton, Christian John Lack, Simon Hemmings, Steph Tufail, Saad Morrissey, Dylan England Br J Sports Med. 2015 Jul;49(14):923-34. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093637. Epub 2015 Feb 25. M3 - 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093637 N1 - eng KW - Attitude of Health Personnel Consensus Evidence-Based Medicine Humans Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome/*therapy Physical Therapy Modalities Physical Therapy Specialty/*standards Practice Guidelines as Topic Professional Practice/*standards Sports Medicine/*standards N2 - IMPORTANCE: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is both chronic and prevalent; it has complex aetiology and many conservative treatment options. OBJECTIVE: Develop a comprehensive contemporary guide to conservative management of PFP outlining key considerations for clinicians to follow. DESIGN: Mixed methods. METHODS: We synthesised the findings from six high-quality systematic reviews to September 2013 with the opinions of 17 experts obtained via semistructured interviews. Experts had at least 5 years clinical experience with PFP as a specialist focus, were actively involved in PFP research and contributed to specialist international meetings. The interviews covered clinical reasoning, perception of current evidence and research priorities. RESULTS: Multimodal intervention including exercise to strengthen the gluteal and quadriceps musculature, manual therapy and taping possessed the strongest evidence. Evidence also supports use of foot orthoses and acupuncture. Interview transcript analysis identified 23 themes and 58 subthemes. Four key over-arching principles to ensure effective management included-(1) PFP is a multifactorial condition requiring an individually tailored multimodal approach. (2) Immediate pain relief should be a priority to gain patient trust. (3) Patient empowerment by emphasising active over passive interventions is important. (4) Good patient education and activity modification is essential. Future research priorities include identifying risk factors, testing effective prevention, developing education strategies, evaluating the influence of psychosocial factors on treatment outcomes and how to address them, evaluating the efficacy of movement pattern retraining and improving clinicians' assessment skills to facilitate optimal individual prescription. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Effective management of PFP requires consideration of a number of proven conservative interventions. An individually tailored multimodal intervention programme including gluteal and quadriceps strengthening, patellar taping and an emphasis on education and activity modification should be prescribed for patients with PFP. We provide a 'Best Practice Guide to Conservative Management of Patellofemoral Pain' outlining key considerations. AD - Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Complete Sports Care, Melbourne, Australia Pure Sports Medicine, London, UK Lower Extremity Gait Studies, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Physiotherapy Department, Bart's Health NHS Trust, London, UK. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25716151 ID - 258 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Barton, C. J. AU - Lack, S. AU - Malliaras, P. AU - Morrissey, D. PY - 2013 TI - Gluteal muscle activity and patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review SP - 207-14 N1 - Mar JF - British Journal of Sports Medicine JO - British journal of sports medicine VL - 47 IS - 4 SN - 1473-0480 (Electronic) 0306-3674 (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Gluteal muscle activity and patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review N1 - 22945929 N1 - Barton, Christian J Lack, Simon Malliaras, Peter Morrissey, Dylan England Br J Sports Med. 2013 Mar;47(4):207-14. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-090953. Epub 2012 Sep 3. M3 - 10.1136/bjsports-2012-090953 N1 - eng KW - Adolescent Adult Buttocks Case-Control Studies Electromyography Female Humans Male Muscle Strength/*physiology Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome/etiology/*physiopathology Running/physiology Young Adult N2 - OBJECTIVE: There is growing evidence to support the association of gluteal muscle strength deficits in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and the effectiveness of gluteal strengthening when treating PFPS. In additiona, an impressive body of work evaluating gluteal electromyography (EMG) has recently emerged, further supporting the importance of gluteal muscle function in PFPS. This systematic review synthesises these EMG findings in order to better understand the role of gluteal muscle activity in the aetiology, presentation and management of PFPS. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar databases were searched in September 2011 for prospective and case-control studies evaluating the association of gluteal EMG with PFPS. Two independent reviewers assessed each paper for inclusion and quality. Means and SDs were extracted from each included study to allow effect size calculations and comparison of results. RESULTS: Ten case-control, but no prospective studies were identified. Moderate-to-strong evidence indicates gluteus medius (GMed) activity is delayed and of shorter duration during stair negotiation in PFPS sufferers. In addition, limited evidence indicates GMed activity is delayed and of shorter duration during running, and gluteus maximus (GMax) activity is increased during stair descent. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed and shorter duration of GMed EMG may indicate impaired ability to control frontal and transverse plane hip motion. Further research evaluating the value of gluteal muscle activity screening in identifying individuals most likely to develop PFPS, and the effectiveness of interventions targeting changes to gluteal muscle activation patterns is needed. AD - Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22945929 ID - 257 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Behm, D. G. AU - Drinkwater, E. J. AU - Willardson, J. M. AU - Cowley, P. M. PY - 2010 TI - The use of instability to train the core musculature SP - 91-108 N1 - Feb JF - Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism JO - Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme VL - 35 IS - 1 SN - 1715-5312 (Print) N1 - Review N1 - The use of instability to train the core musculature N1 - 20130672 N1 - Behm, David G Drinkwater, Eric J Willardson, Jeffrey M Cowley, Patrick M Canada Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010 Feb;35(1):91-108. doi: 10.1139/H09-127. M3 - 10.1139/H09-127 N1 - eng KW - Abdominal Muscles/*physiology Athletic Performance/physiology Exercise Therapy/methods Humans Muscle Strength/*physiology Physical Fitness/physiology Postural Balance/physiology Resistance Training/*methods N2 - Training of the trunk or core muscles for enhanced health, rehabilitation, and athletic performance has received renewed emphasis. Instability resistance exercises have become a popular means of training the core and improving balance. Whether instability resistance training is as, more, or less effective than traditional ground-based resistance training is not fully resolved. The purpose of this review is to address the effectiveness of instability resistance training for athletic, nonathletic, and rehabilitation conditioning. The anatomical core is defined as the axial skeleton and all soft tissues with a proximal attachment on the axial skeleton. Spinal stability is an interaction of passive and active muscle and neural subsystems. Training programs must prepare athletes for a wide variety of postures and external forces, and should include exercises with a destabilizing component. While unstable devices have been shown to be effective in decreasing the incidence of low back pain and increasing the sensory efficiency of soft tissues, they are not recommended as the primary exercises for hypertrophy, absolute strength, or power, especially in trained athletes. For athletes, ground-based free-weight exercises with moderate levels of instability should form the foundation of exercises to train the core musculature. Instability resistance exercises can play an important role in periodization and rehabilitation, and as alternative exercises for the recreationally active individual with less interest or access to ground-based free-weight exercises. Based on the relatively high proportion of type I fibers, the core musculature might respond well to multiple sets with high repetitions (e.g., >15 per set); however, a particular sport may necessitate fewer repetitions. AD - School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada. dbehm@mun.ca UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20130672 ID - 661 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bergmark, A. PY - 1989 TI - Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering SP - 1-54 JF - Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. Supplementum JO - Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica. Supplementum VL - 230 SN - 0300-8827 (Print) 0300-8827 (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering N1 - 2658468 N1 - Bergmark, A DENMARK Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1989;230:1-54. N1 - eng KW - Biomechanical Phenomena Humans Joints/physiology Lumbar Vertebrae/*physiology Models, Biological Muscles/physiology Posture Reference Values N2 - From the mechanical point of view the spinal system is highly complex, containing a multitude of components, passive and active. In fact, even if the active components (the muscles) were exchanged by passive springs, the total number of elements considerably exceeds the minimum needed to maintain static equilibrium. In other words, the system is statically highly indeterminate. The particular role of the active components at static equilibrium is to enable a virtually arbitrary choice of posture, independent of the distribution and magnitude of the outer load albeit within physiological limits. Simultaneously this implies that ordinary procedures known from the analysis of mechanical systems with passive components cannot be applied. Hence the distribution of the forces over the different elements is not uniquely determined. Consequently nervous control of the force distribution over the muscles is needed, but little is known about how this achieved. This lack of knowledge implies great difficulties at numerical simulation of equilibrium states of the spinal system. These difficulties remain even if considerable reductions are made, such as the assumption that the thoracic cage behaves like a rigid body. A particularly useful point of view about the main principles of the force distributions appears to be the distinction between a local and a global system of muscles engaged in the equilibrium of the lumbar spine. The local system consists of muscles with insertion or origin (or both) at lumbar vertebrae, whereas the global system consists of muscles with origin on the pelvis and insertions on the thoracic cage. Given the posture of the lumbar spine, the force distribution over the local system appears to be essentially independent of the outer load of the body (though the force magnitudes are, of course, dependent on the magnitude of this load). Instead different distributions of the outer load on the body are met by different distributions of the forces in the global system. Thus, roughly speaking, the global system appears to take care of different distributions of outer forces on the body, whereas the local system performs an action, which is essentially locally determined (i.e. by the posture of the lumbar spine). The present work focuses on the upright standing posture with different degree of lumbar lordosis. The outer load is assumed to consist of weights carried on the shoulders. By reduction of the number of unknown forces, which is done by using a few different principles, a unique determination of the total force distributions at static equilibrium is obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) AD - Department of Solid Mechanics, Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2658468 ID - 209 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bien, D. P. PY - 2011 TI - Rationale and implementation of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention warm-up programs in female athletes SP - 271-85 N1 - Jan JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research JO - Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association VL - 25 IS - 1 SN - 1533-4287 (Electronic) 1064-8011 (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Rationale and implementation of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention warm-up programs in female athletes N1 - 21116195 N1 - Bien, Daniel P J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Jan;25(1):271-85. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fb4a5a. M3 - 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fb4a5a N1 - eng KW - Anterior Cruciate Ligament/*injuries *Athletes Athletic Injuries/*prevention & control Athletic Performance/physiology Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology Exercise/*physiology Female Hip Injuries/prevention & control Humans Knee Injuries/*prevention & control Leg Injuries/prevention & control Muscle Stretching Exercises Muscle, Skeletal/injuries/physiology Postural Balance/physiology Risk Factors N2 - The sex disparity in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk and the subsequent adverse effects on knee joint health, psychosocial well-being, and financial costs incurred have produced a surge in research on risk factors and interventions designed to decrease this disparity and overall incidence. Biomechanical and neuromuscular differences have been identified throughout the trunk and lower extremity that may increase noncontact ACL injury risk in female athletes. Evidence demonstrates that many risk factors are modifiable with intervention programs and that athletic performance measures can be enhanced. No universally accepted ACL injury prevention program currently exists, and injury prevention programs are diverse. Anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs introduced in a warm-up format offer multiple benefits, primarily, improved compliance based on improved practicality of implementation. However, drawbacks of warm-up style formats also exist, most notably that a lack of equipment and resources may preclude measurable improvements in athletic performance that foster improved compliance among participants. The purpose of this review is to analyze the current literature researching possible biomechanical and neuromuscular risk factors in noncontact ACL injury in female athletes and the most effective means of implementing critical elements of a program to decrease ACL injury risk in female athletes while improving athletic performance. Hip and hamstring training, core stabilization, plyometrics, balance, agility, neuromuscular training with video and verbal feedback to modify technique, and stretching appear to be essential components of these programs. Further research is critical to determine ideal training program volume, intensity, duration, and frequency. AD - Physical Therapy Department, University Orthopedics, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. dbien@universityorthopedics.com UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21116195 ID - 260 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Borghuis, J. AU - Hof, A. L. AU - Lemmink, K. A. PY - 2008 TI - The importance of sensory-motor control in providing core stability: implications for measurement and training SP - 893-916 JF - Sports Medicine JO - Sports medicine VL - 38 IS - 11 SN - 0112-1642 (Print) 0112-1642 (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - The importance of sensory-motor control in providing core stability: implications for measurement and training N1 - 18937521 N1 - Borghuis, Jan Hof, At L Lemmink, Koen A P M New Zealand Auckland, N.Z. Sports Med. 2008;38(11):893-916. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838110-00002. M3 - 10.2165/00007256-200838110-00002 N1 - eng KW - Athletic Injuries/prevention & control Humans Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Psychomotor Performance/*physiology Sports/*physiology N2 - Although the hip musculature is found to be very important in connecting the core to the lower extremities and in transferring forces from and to the core, it is proposed to leave the hip musculature out of consideration when talking about the concept of core stability. A low level of co-contraction of the trunk muscles is important for core stability. It provides a level of stiffness, which gives sufficient stability against minor perturbations. Next to this stiffness, direction-specific muscle reflex responses are also important in providing core stability, particularly when encountering sudden perturbations. It appears that most trunk muscles, both the local and global stabilization system, must work coherently to achieve core stability. The contributions of the various trunk muscles depend on the task being performed. In the search for a precise balance between the amount of stability and mobility, the role of sensory-motor control is much more important than the role of strength or endurance of the trunk muscles. The CNS creates a stable foundation for movement of the extremities through co-contraction of particular muscles. Appropriate muscle recruitment and timing is extremely important in providing core stability. No clear evidence has been found for a positive relationship between core stability and physical performance and more research in this area is needed. On the other hand, with respect to the relationship between core stability and injury, several studies have found an association between a decreased stability and a higher risk of sustaining a low back or knee injury. Subjects with such injuries have been shown to demonstrate impaired postural control, delayed muscle reflex responses following sudden trunk unloading and abnormal trunk muscle recruitment patterns. In addition, various relationships have been demonstrated between core stability, balance performance and activation characteristics of the trunk muscles. Most importantly, a significant correlation was found between poor balance performance in a sitting balance task and delayed firing of the trunk muscles during sudden perturbation. It was suggested that both phenomena are caused by proprioceptive deficits. The importance of sensory-motor control has implications for the development of measurement and training protocols. It has been shown that challenging propriocepsis during training activities, for example, by making use of unstable surfaces, leads to increased demands on trunk muscles, thereby improving core stability and balance. Various tests to directly or indirectly measure neuromuscular control and coordination have been developed and are discussed in the present article. Sitting balance performance and trunk muscle response times may be good indicators of core stability. In light of this, it would be interesting to quantify core stability using a sitting balance task, for example by making use of accelerometry. Further research is required to develop training programmes and evaluation methods that are suitable for various target groups. AD - Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18937521 ID - 261 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Boscolo Del Vecchio, F AU - Foster, D AU - Arruda, A PY - 2016 TI - Functional Movement Screening performance of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes from Brazil: differences considering practice time and combat style JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research VL - (in press) N1 - Functional Movement Screening performance of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes from Brazil: differences considering practice time and combat style ID - 694 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bushman, T. T. AU - Grier, T. L. AU - Canham-Chervak, M. AU - Anderson, M. K. AU - North, W. J. AU - Jones, B. H. PY - 2016 TI - The functional movement screen and injury risk: Association and predictive value in active men SP - 297-304 N1 - Feb JF - American Journal of Sports Medicine JO - The American journal of sports medicine VL - 44 IS - 2 SN - 1552-3365 (Electronic) 0363-5465 (Linking) N1 - The functional movement screen and injury risk: Association and predictive value in active men N1 - 26657573 N1 - Bushman, Timothy T Grier, Tyson L Canham-Chervak, Michelle Anderson, Morgan K North, William J Jones, Bruce H Am J Sports Med. 2016 Feb;44(2):297-304. doi: 10.1177/0363546515614815. Epub 2015 Dec 10. M3 - 10.1177/0363546515614815 N1 - eng N2 - BACKGROUND: The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a series of 7 tests used to assess the injury risk in active populations. PURPOSE: To determine the association of the FMS with the injury risk, assess predictive values, and identify optimal cut points using 3 injury types. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: Physically active male soldiers aged 18 to 57 years (N = 2476) completed the FMS. Demographic and fitness data were collected by survey. Medical record data for overuse injuries, traumatic injuries, and any injury 6 months after the FMS assessment were obtained. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated along with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) to determine the area under the curve (AUC) and identify optimal cut points for the risk assessment. Risks, risk ratios (RRs), odds ratios (ORs), and 95% CIs were calculated to assess injury risks. RESULTS: Soldiers who scored 14 using the composite score for overuse injuries (RR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.63-2.09), traumatic injuries (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03-1.54), and any injury (RR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.45-1.77). When controlling for other known injury risk factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis identified poor FMS performance (OR [score 14 or no movement asymmetries. PURPOSE: To determine if FMS injury risk factors extend to longitudinal competitive performance outcomes in elite track and field athletes. METHODS: Elite track and field athletes were examined (N = 121), each completing an FMS before the 2011 competitive season. Best competition marks for the year were obtained from athletes' actual performances for 2010 and 2011. Performance change between 2010 and 2011 was examined in cohorts of FMS scores 14 (HiFMS), athletes with bilateral asymmetry in at least 1 of the 5 FMS movements vs athletes with no asymmetry, and athletes who scored 1 on the deep-squat movement vs athletes who scored 2 or 3. RESULTS: HiFMS had a significantly different change in performance from 2010 to 2011 (0.41% +/- 2.50%, n = 80) compared with LoFMS (-0.51% +/- 2.30%, P = .03, n = 41). Athletes with no asymmetries had a longitudinal improvement in performance (+0.60% +/- 2.86%, n = 50) compared with athletes with at least 1 asymmetry (-0.26% +/- 2.10%, P = .03, n = 71). Athletes who scored 1 on the deep-squat movement had a significantly different change in performance (-1.07 +/- 2.08%, n = 22) vs athletes who scored 2 (0.13% +/- 2.28%, P = .03, n = 87) or 3 (1.98% +/- 3.31%, P = .001, n = 12). CONCLUSION: Functional movement ability, known to be associated with the likelihood of future injury, is also related to the ability to improve longitudinal competitive performance outcomes. AD - Dept of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23630121 ID - 274 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chaudhari, A. M. AU - McKenzie, C. S. AU - Pan, X. AU - Onate, J. A. PY - 2014 TI - Lumbopelvic control and days missed because of injury in professional baseball pitchers SP - 2734-40 N1 - Nov JF - American Journal of Sports Medicine JO - The American journal of sports medicine VL - 42 IS - 11 SN - 1552-3365 (Electronic) 0363-5465 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Lumbopelvic control and days missed because of injury in professional baseball pitchers N1 - 25159541 N1 - Chaudhari, Ajit M W McKenzie, Christopher S Pan, Xueliang Onate, James A 8UL1TR000090-05/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ UL1 TR000090/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ UL1 TR001070/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ Am J Sports Med. 2014 Nov;42(11):2734-40. doi: 10.1177/0363546514545861. Epub 2014 Aug 26. M3 - 10.1177/0363546514545861 N1 - eng KW - Adult Baseball/*injuries/physiology Biomechanical Phenomena Exercise Test Humans Lumbosacral Region/physiopathology Male Movement Pelvic Bones/*physiology Postural Balance Prospective Studies Risk Factors Sick Leave/*statistics & numerical data Time Factors Young Adult N2 - BACKGROUND: Recently, lumbopelvic control has been linked to pitching performance, kinematics, and loading; however, poor lumbopelvic control has not been prospectively investigated as a risk factor for injuries in baseball pitchers. HYPOTHESIS: Pitchers with poor lumbopelvic control during spring training are more likely to miss >/=30 days because of an injury through an entire baseball season than pitchers with good lumbopelvic control. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: A total of 347 professional baseball pitchers were enrolled into the study during the last 2 weeks of spring training and stayed with the same team for the entire season. Lumbopelvic control was quantified by peak anterior-posterior deviation of the pelvis relative to the starting position during a single-leg raise test (APScore). Days missed because of an injury through the entire season were recorded by each team's medical staff. RESULTS: A higher APScore was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of missing >/=30 days (P = .023, chi(2) test). When divided into tertiles based on their APScore, participants in the highest tertile were 3.0 times and 2.2 times more likely to miss at least 30 days throughout the course of a baseball season relative to those in the lowest or middle tertiles, respectively. A higher APScore was also significantly associated with missing more days because of an injury within participants who missed at least 1 day (P = .018, ANOVA), with participants in the highest tertile missing significantly more days (mean, 98.6 days) than those in the middle tertile (mean, 45.8 days; P = .017) or lowest tertile (mean, 43.8 days; P = .017). CONCLUSION: This study found that poor lumbopelvic control in professional pitchers was associated with an increased risk of missing significant time because of an injury. AD - Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Chaudhari.2@osu.edu. Milwaukee Bucks, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Department of Bioinformatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25159541 ID - 275 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cholewicki, J. AU - Juluru, K. AU - McGill, S. M. PY - 1999 TI - Intra-abdominal pressure mechanism for stabilizing the lumbar spine SP - 13-7 N1 - Jan JF - Journal of Biomechanics JO - Journal of biomechanics VL - 32 IS - 1 SN - 0021-9290 (Print) 0021-9290 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Intra-abdominal pressure mechanism for stabilizing the lumbar spine N1 - 10050947 N1 - Cholewicki, J Juluru, K McGill, S M J Biomech. 1999 Jan;32(1):13-7. N1 - eng KW - Abdomen/*physiology Biomechanical Phenomena Humans Lumbosacral Region Muscle, Skeletal/physiology Pressure Spine/*physiology N2 - Currently, intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is thought to provide stability to the lumbar spine but the exact principles have yet to be specified. A simplified physical model was constructed and theoretical calculations performed to illustrate a possible intra-abdominal pressure mechanism for stabilizing the spine. The model consisted of an inverted pendulum with linear springs representing abdominal and erector spinae muscle groups. The IAP force was simulated with a pneumatic piston activated with compressed air. The critical load of the model was calculated theoretically based on the minimum potential energy principle and obtained experimentally by increasing weight on the model until the point of buckling. Two distinct mechanisms were simulated separately and in combination. One was antagonistic flexor extensor muscle coactivation and the second was abdominal muscle activation along with generation of IAP. Both mechanisms were effective in stabilizing the model of a lumbar spine. The critical load and therefore the stability of the spine model increased with either increased antagonistic muscle coactivation forces or increased IAP along with increased abdominal spring force. Both mechanisms were also effective in providing mechanical stability to the spine model when activated simultaneously. Theoretical calculation of the critical load agreed very well with experimental results (95.5% average error). The IAP mechanism for stabilizing the lumbar spine appears preferable in tasks that demand trunk extensor moment such as lifting or jumping. This mechanism can increase spine stability without the additional coactivation of erector spinae muscles. AD - Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. cholewicki@biomed.med.yale.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10050947 ID - 277 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cholewicki, J. AU - Polzhofer, G.K. AU - Radebold, A. PY - 2000 TI - Postural control of trunk during unstable sitting. SP - 1733-7 JF - Journal of Biomechanics VL - 33 N1 - Postural control of trunk during unstable sitting. ID - 681 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cholewicki, J. AU - Silfies, S. P. AU - Shah, R. A. AU - Greene, H. S. AU - Reeves, N. P. AU - Alvi, K. AU - Goldberg, B. PY - 2005 TI - Delayed trunk muscle reflex responses increase the risk of low back injuries SP - 2614-20 N1 - Dec 1 JF - Spine JO - Spine VL - 30 IS - 23 SN - 1528-1159 (Electronic) 0362-2436 (Linking) N1 - Comparative Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural N1 - Delayed trunk muscle reflex responses increase the risk of low back injuries N1 - 16319747 N1 - Cholewicki, Jacek Silfies, Sheri P Shah, Riaz A Greene, Hunter S Reeves, N Peter Alvi, Kashif Goldberg, Barry 5R01 AR46844/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Dec 1;30(23):2614-20. N1 - eng KW - Adolescent Adult Back Injuries/*physiopathology Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Low Back Pain/physiopathology Male Muscle Contraction/physiology Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Prospective Studies Reaction Time/*physiology Reflex/*physiology Risk Factors Weight-Bearing/physiology N2 - STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study with a 2- to 3-year follow-up. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether delayed muscle reflex response to sudden trunk loading is a result of or a risk factor for sustaining a low back injury (LBI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Differences in motor control have been identified in individuals with chronic low back pain and in athletes with a history of LBI when compared with controls. However, it is not known whether these changes are a risk for or a result of LBI. METHODS: Muscle reflex latencies in response to a quick force release in trunk flexion, extension, and lateral bending were measured in 303 college athletes. Information was also obtained regarding their personal data, athletic experience, and history of LBI. The data were entered into a binary logistic regression model to identify the predictors of future LBI. RESULTS.: A total of 292 athletes were used for the final analysis (148 females and 144 males). During the follow-up period, 31 (11%) athletes sustained an LBI. The regression model, consisting of history of LBI, body weight, and the latency of muscles shutting off during flexion and lateral bending load releases, predicted correctly 74% of LBI outcomes. The odds of sustaining LBI increased 2.8-fold when a history of LBI was present and increased by 3% with each millisecond of abdominal muscle shut-off latency. On average, this latency was 14 milliseconds longer for athletes who sustained LBI in comparison to athletes who did not sustain LBI (77 [36] vs. 63 [31]). There were no significant changes in any of the muscle response latencies on retest following the injury. CONCLUSIONS: The delayed muscle reflex response significantly increases the odds of sustaining an LBI. These delayed latencies appear to be a preexisting risk factor and not the effect of an LBI. AD - Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA. acek.cholewicki@yale.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319747 ID - 276 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chorba, R. S. AU - Chorba, D. J. AU - Bouillon, L. E. AU - Overmyer, C. A. AU - Landis, J. A. PY - 2010 TI - Use of a functional movement screening tool to determine injury risk in female collegiate athletes SP - 47-54 N1 - Jun JF - North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy JO - North American journal of sports physical therapy : NAJSPT VL - 5 IS - 2 SN - 1558-6170 (Electronic) 1558-6162 (Linking) N1 - Use of a functional movement screening tool to determine injury risk in female collegiate athletes N1 - 21589661 N1 - Chorba, Rita S Chorba, David J Bouillon, Lucinda E Overmyer, Corey A Landis, James A N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2010 Jun;5(2):47-54. N1 - eng N2 - BACKGROUND: Athletes often utilize compensatory movement strategies to achieve high performance. However, these inefficient movement strategies may reinforce poor biomechanical movement patterns during typical activities, resulting in injury. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine if compensatory movement patterns predispose female collegiate athletes to injury, and if a functional movement screening (FMS) tool can be used to predict injuries in this population. METHODS: Scores on the FMS, comprised of seven movement tests, were calculated for 38 NCAA Division II female collegiate athletes before the start of their respective fall and winter sport seasons (soccer, volleyball, and basketball). Seven athletes reported a previous history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Injuries sustained while participating in sport activities were recorded throughout the seasons. RESULTS: The mean FMS score and standard deviation for all subjects was 14.3+/-1.77 (maximum score of 21). Eighteen injuries (17 lower extremity, 1 lower back) were recorded during this study. A score of 14/21 or less was significantly associated with injury (P=0.0496). Sixty-nine percent of athletes scoring 14 or less sustained an injury. Odds ratios were 3.85 with inclusion of all subjects, and 4.58 with exclusion of ACLR subjects. Sensitivity and specificity were 0.58 and 0.74 for all subjects, respectively. A significant correlation was found between low-scoring athletes and injury (P=0.0214, r=0.76). DISCUSSION: A score of 14 or less on the FMS tool resulted in a 4-fold increase in risk of lower extremity injury in female collegiate athletes participating in fall and winter sports. The screening tool was able to predict injury in female athletes without a history of major musculoskeletal injury such as ACLR. CONCLUSION: Compensatory fundamental movement patterns can increase the risk of injury in female collegiate athletes, and can be identified by using a functional movement screening tool. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21589661 ID - 278 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Comerford, M. J. AU - Mottram, S. L. PY - 2001 TI - Functional stability re-training: principles and strategies for managing mechanical dysfunction SP - 3-14 N1 - Feb JF - Manual Therapy JO - Manual therapy VL - 6 IS - 1 SN - 1356-689X (Print) 1356-689X (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Functional stability re-training: principles and strategies for managing mechanical dysfunction N1 - 11243904 N1 - Comerford, M J Mottram, S L Scotland Man Ther. 2001 Feb;6(1):3-14. M3 - 10.1054/math.2000.0389 N1 - eng KW - *Activities of Daily Living Biomechanical Phenomena Disabled Persons/rehabilitation Humans Movement Disorders/diagnosis/etiology/*physiopathology/*rehabilitation Patient Care Planning Physical Therapy Modalities/*methods Range of Motion, Articular Risk Factors N2 - Functional stability is dependent on integrated local and global muscle function. Mechanical stability dysfunction presents as segmental (articular) and multi-segmental (myofascial) dysfunction. These dysfunctions present as combinations of restriction of normal motion and associated compensations (give) to maintain function. Stability dysfunction is diagnosed by the site and direction of give or compensation that relates to symptomatic pathology. Strategies to manage mechanical stabililty dysfunction require specific mobilization of articular and connective tissue restrictions, regaining myofascial extensibility, retraining global stability muscle control of myofascial compensations and local stability muscle recruitment to control segmental motion. Stability re-training targets both the local and global stability systems. Activation of the local stability system to increase muscle stiffness along with functional low-load integration in the neutral joint position controls segmental or articular give. Global muscle retraining is required to correct multisegmental or myofascial dysfunction in terms of controlling the site and direction of load that relates to provocation. The strategy here is to train low-load recruitment to control and limit motion at the site of pathology and then actively move the adjacent restriction, regain through range control of motion with the global stability muscles and regain sufficient extensibility in the global mobility muscles to allow normal function. Individual strategies for integrating local and global recruitment retraining back into normal function are suggested. AD - Kinetic Control, Salisbury Street, Mede House, Southampton SO15 2TZ, UK. comerford@kineticcontrol.com UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11243904 ID - 280 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cook, G. AU - Burton, L. AU - Hoogenboom, B. PY - 2006 TI - Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function - part 2 SP - 132-9 N1 - Aug JF - North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy JO - North American journal of sports physical therapy : NAJSPT VL - 1 IS - 3 SN - 1558-6162 (Print) 1558-6162 (Linking) N1 - Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function - part 2 N1 - 21522225 N1 - Cook, Gray Burton, Lee Hoogenboom, Barb N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2006 Aug;1(3):132-9. N1 - eng N2 - Part I of this two-part series (presented in the May issue of NAJSPT) provided the background, rationale, and a complete reference list for the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function during pre-participation screening. In addition, Part I introduced one such evaluation tool that attempts to assess the fundamental movement patterns of an individual, the Functional Movement Screen (FMS)(), and described three of the seven fundamental movement patterns that comprise the FMS().Part II of this series provides a brief review of the analysis of fundamental movement as an assessment of function. In addition, four additional fundamental tests of the FMS(), which complement those described in Part I, will be presented (to complete the total of seven fundamental tests): shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability. These four patterns are described in detail, a grading system from 0-III is defined for each pattern, and the clinical implications for receiving a grade less than a perfect III are proposed.By reading Part I and Part II, it is hoped that the clinician will recognize the need for the assessment of fundamental movements, critique current and develop new methods of functional assessment, and begin to provide evidence related to the assessment of fundamental movements and the ability to predict and reduce injury. By using such a screening system, the void between pre-participation screening and performance tests will begin to close. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522225 ID - 283 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cook, G. AU - Burton, L. AU - Hoogenboom, B. PY - 2006 TI - Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function - part 1 SP - 62-72 N1 - May JF - North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy JO - North American journal of sports physical therapy : NAJSPT VL - 1 IS - 2 SN - 1558-6162 (Print) 1558-6162 (Linking) N1 - Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function - part 1 N1 - 21522216 N1 - Cook, Gray Burton, Lee Hoogenboom, Barb N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2006 May;1(2):62-72. N1 - eng N2 - To prepare an athlete for the wide variety of activities needed to participate in their sport, the analysis of fundamental movements should be incorporated into pre-participation screening in order to determine who possesses, or lacks, the ability to perform certain essential movements. In a series of two articles, the background and rationale for the analysis of fundamental movement will be provided. In addition, one such evaluation tool that attempts to assess the fundamental movement patterns performed by an individual, the Functional Movement Screen (FMS()), will be described. Three of the seven fundamental movement patterns that comprise the FMS() are described in detail in Part I: deep squat, hurdle step, and in-line lunge. Part II of this series, which will be published in the August issue of NAJSPT, will provide a brief review of the analysis of fundamental movements, as well a detailed description of the four additional patterns that complement those presented in Part I (to complete the total of seven fundamental movement patterns which comprise the FMS()): shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability.The intent of this two part series is to introduce the concept of the evaluation of fundamental movements, whether it is the FMS() system or a different system devised by another clinician. Such a functional assessment should be incorporated into pre-participation screening in order to determine whether the athlete has the essential movements needed to participate in sports activities with a decreased risk of injury. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522216 ID - 284 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cresswell, A. G. AU - Oddsson, L. AU - Thorstensson, A. PY - 1994 TI - The influence of sudden perturbations on trunk muscle activity and intra-abdominal pressure while standing SP - 336-41 JF - Experimental Brain Research JO - Experimental brain research VL - 98 IS - 2 SN - 0014-4819 (Print) 0014-4819 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - The influence of sudden perturbations on trunk muscle activity and intra-abdominal pressure while standing N1 - 8050518 N1 - Cresswell, A G Oddsson, L Thorstensson, A GERMANY Exp Brain Res. 1994;98(2):336-41. N1 - eng KW - Abdominal Muscles/innervation/*physiology Adult Electromyography Humans Male Movement/physiology Muscles/innervation/*physiology Posture/*physiology Pressure Rectus Abdominis/physiology Transducers N2 - Unexpected ventral and dorsal perturbations and expected, self-induced ventral perturbations were delivered to the trunk by suddenly loading a vest strapped to the torso. Six male subjects were measured for intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and intra-muscular electromyography of the transversus abdominis (TrA), obliquus internus abdominis (OI), obliquus externus abdominis (OE) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles. Erector spinae (ES) activity was recorded using surface electromyography. Displacements of the trunk and head were registered using a video-based system. Unexpected ventral loading produced activity in TrA, OI, OE and RA, and an IAP increase well in advance of activity from ES. Expected ventral loading produced pre-activation of all muscles and an increased IAP prior to the perturbation. The TrA was always the first muscle active in both the unexpected and self-loading conditions. Of the two ventral loading conditions, forward displacement of the trunk was significantly reduced during the self-loading. Unexpected dorsal loading produced coincident activation of TrA, OI, OE, RA and ES. These results indicate a response of the trunk muscles to sudden expected and unexpected ventral loadings other than the anticipated immediate extensor torque production through ES activation. It is suggested that the increase in IAP is a mechanism designed to improve the stability of the trunk through a stiffening of the whole segment. AD - Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8050518 ID - 286 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ebben, W. P. AU - Carroll, R. M. AU - Simenz, C. J. PY - 2004 TI - Strength and conditioning practices of National Hockey League strength and conditioning coaches SP - 889-97 N1 - Nov JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research JO - Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association VL - 18 IS - 4 SN - 1064-8011 (Print) 1064-8011 (Linking) N1 - Strength and conditioning practices of National Hockey League strength and conditioning coaches N1 - 15574099 N1 - Ebben, William P Carroll, Ryan M Simenz, Christopher J J Strength Cond Res. 2004 Nov;18(4):889-97. M3 - 10.1519/14133.1 N1 - eng KW - Hockey/*physiology Humans Physical Education and Training/*methods/standards Pliability Surveys and Questionnaires United States N2 - This study describes the results of a survey of the practices of National Hockey League strength and conditioning (NHL S&C) coaches. The response rate was 76.6% (23 of 30). This survey examines (a) background information, (b) physical testing, (c) flexibility development, (d) speed development, (e) plyometrics, (f) strength/power development, (g) unique aspects, and (h) comments. Results indicate, in part, that coaches assess an average of 7.2 parameters of fitness, with tests of strength and power being the most common. All coaches used a variety of flexibility-development strategies. Results reveal that 21 of 23 (91.3%) of NHL S&C coaches follow a periodization model (PM). Of the coaches who follow a PM, 21 of 21 (100%) indicated that their athletes used Olympic-style lifts, and 21 of 21 coaches (100%) trained athletes with plyometric exercises. For those who used plyometrics with their athletes, 17 of 21 (80.1%) reported no plyometric-related injuries in the past year. Coaches who report they did not follow a PM also did not use Olympic-style lifts, plyometrics, or speed development strategies, such as assisted, resisted, or interval training, with their athletes. Finally, coaches reported that the squat and their variations, as well at the Olympic-style lifts and its variations, were most frequently used with their athletes. The survey serves as a review, as well as a source of applied information and new ideas. AD - Department of Physical Therapy/Program in Exercise Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15574099 ID - 3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ebenbichler, G. R. AU - Oddsson, L. I. AU - Kollmitzer, J. AU - Erim, Z. PY - 2001 TI - Sensory-motor control of the lower back: implications for rehabilitation SP - 1889-98 N1 - Nov JF - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise JO - Medicine and science in sports and exercise VL - 33 IS - 11 SN - 0195-9131 (Print) 0195-9131 (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Sensory-motor control of the lower back: implications for rehabilitation N1 - 11689740 N1 - Ebenbichler, G R Oddsson, L I Kollmitzer, J Erim, Z Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Nov;33(11):1889-98. N1 - eng KW - Abdominal Muscles/physiology Back Injuries/physiopathology/rehabilitation Diaphragm/physiology Exercise Therapy/methods Humans Low Back Pain/*physiopathology/*rehabilitation Lumbosacral Region/*anatomy & histology/*physiology Muscle Contraction/physiology Muscle, Skeletal/pathology/physiology Posture/*physiology Spine/innervation/physiology N2 - Although low back pain (LBP) is a widespread and disabling health problem, there is a lack of evidence based medicine with respect to its treatment and rehabilitation. A major reason for this is the poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the LBP syndromes. In an attempt to fill this gap, the present review article provides an overview of the sensory-motor control aspects of trunk stabilization and postural control of the trunk, and how they may relate to the evolution of LBP. In particular, the anatomy and physiology of the sensory-motor control mechanisms of the trunk muscles that contribute to general and segmental stability of the lumbar spine will be elucidated. Furthermore, a brief overview of current theories of postural control will be provided with respect to spinal stabilization. Finally, a concept of the pathophysiological changes within the sensory-motor control mechanisms of the lumbar spine in the presence of muscle injury and pain will be presented. The impact of pain and muscle injury on the muscular support for the lumbar motion segment will be discussed along with the deficits in neuromuscular control in LBP patients with decreased segmental lumbar stability. AD - Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Gerold.Ebenbichler@AKH-Wien.AC.AT UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689740 ID - 287 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ekstrom, R. A. AU - Donatelli, R. A. AU - Carp, K. C. PY - 2007 TI - Electromyographic analysis of core trunk, hip, and thigh muscles during 9 rehabilitation exercises SP - 754-62 N1 - Dec JF - Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy JO - The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy VL - 37 IS - 12 SN - 0190-6011 (Print) 0190-6011 (Linking) N1 - Electromyographic analysis of core trunk, hip, and thigh muscles during 9 rehabilitation exercises N1 - 18560185 N1 - Ekstrom, Richard A Donatelli, Robert A Carp, Kenji C J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007 Dec;37(12):754-62. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2007.2471. Epub 2007 Aug 29. M3 - 10.2519/jospt.2007.2471 N1 - eng KW - Adult Electromyography *Exercise Therapy Exercise Tolerance/physiology Female Hip Joint/*physiology Humans Isometric Contraction/physiology Male Middle Aged Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Prospective Studies Thigh/*physiology Thorax/*physiology N2 - STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, single-group, repeated-measures design. OBJECTIVE: To identify exercises that could be used for strength development and the exercises that would be more appropriate for endurance or stabilization training. BACKGROUND: The exercises analyzed are often used in rehabilitation programs for the spine, hip, and knee. They are active exercises using body weight for resistance; thus a clinician is unable to determine the amount of resistance being applied to a muscle group. Electromyographic (EMG) analysis can provide a measure of muscle activation so that the clinician can have a better idea about the effect the exercise may have on the muscle for strength, endurance, or stabilization. METHODS AND MEASURES: Surface EMG analysis was carried out in 19 males and 11 females while performing the following 9 exercises: active hip abduction, bridge, unilateral-bridge, side-bridge, prone-bridge on the elbows and toes, quadruped arm/lower extremity lift, lateral step-up, standing lunge, and using the Dynamic Edge. The rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominis, longissimus thoracis, lumbar multifidus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, vastus medialis obliquus, and hamstring muscles were studied. RESULTS: In healthy subjects, the lateral step-up and the lunge exercises produced EMG levels greater than 45% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in the vastus medialis obliquus, which suggests that they may be beneficial for strengthening that muscle. The side-bridge exercise could be used for strengthening the gluteus medius and the external oblique abdominis muscles, and the quadruped arm/lower extremity lift exercise may help strengthen the gluteus maximus muscle. All the other exercises produced EMG levels less than 45% MVIC, so they may be more beneficial for training endurance or stabilization in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest these exercises could be used for a core rehabilitation or performance enhancement program. Depending on the individual needs of a patient or athlete, some of the exercises may be more beneficial than others for achieving strength. AD - Department of Physical Therapy, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA. rekstrom@usd.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18560185 ID - 289 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Endo, Y. AU - Sakamoto, M. PY - 2014 TI - Correlation of shoulder and elbow injuries with muscle tightness, core stability, and balance by longitudinal measurements in junior high school baseball players SP - 689-93 N1 - May JF - Journal of Physical Therapy Science JO - Journal of physical therapy science VL - 26 IS - 5 SN - 0915-5287 (Print) 0915-5287 (Linking) N1 - Correlation of shoulder and elbow injuries with muscle tightness, core stability, and balance by longitudinal measurements in junior high school baseball players N1 - 24926133 N1 - Endo, Yasuhiro Sakamoto, Masaaki Japan J Phys Ther Sci. 2014 May;26(5):689-93. doi: 10.1589/jpts.26.689. Epub 2014 May 29. M3 - 10.1589/jpts.26.689 N1 - eng N2 - [Purpose] The present study longitudinally investigated injury occurrences and the risk factors for muscle tightness, core stability, and dynamic standing balance among junior high school student baseball players. [Subjects] Thirty-nine male students, belonging to baseball clubs at 2 junior high schools, participated in this study. [Methods] Study measurements were obtained twice, once in the early stage of the baseball season (March) and once at the end of the season (July). All subjects underwent muscle tightness testing, the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), and trunk endurance testing during each measurement session. [Results] Fifteen players experienced episodes of elbow or shoulder pain while throwing. Players in the pain group demonstrated a significant increase in the tightness of their shoulder internal rotators, axis-leg quadriceps, and axis-leg hamstrings. There was no clear evidence of differences of changes in core stability and dynamic standing balance between the groups. [Conclusion] The results of this study suggest that lower extremity muscle tightness early in a season and the subsequent decline in the flexibility of the axis-leg quadriceps and hamstrings during the season may be due to an increased upper extremity load while throwing, thus producing shoulder and elbow pain. AD - Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Japan ; Department of Rehabilitation, Jobu Hospital for Respiratory Diseases, Japan. Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Japan. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926133 ID - 290 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Engebretsen, A. H. AU - Myklebust, G. AU - Holme, I. AU - Engebretsen, L. AU - Bahr, R. PY - 2008 TI - Prevention of injuries among male soccer players: a prospective, randomized intervention study targeting players with previous injuries or reduced function SP - 1052-60 N1 - Jun JF - American Journal of Sports Medicine JO - The American journal of sports medicine VL - 36 IS - 6 SN - 1552-3365 (Electronic) 0363-5465 (Linking) N1 - Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Prevention of injuries among male soccer players: a prospective, randomized intervention study targeting players with previous injuries or reduced function N1 - 18390492 N1 - Engebretsen, Anders H Myklebust, Grethe Holme, Ingar Engebretsen, Lars Bahr, Roald Am J Sports Med. 2008 Jun;36(6):1052-60. doi: 10.1177/0363546508314432. Epub 2008 Apr 3. M3 - 10.1177/0363546508314432 N1 - eng KW - Ankle Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control *Exercise Therapy Groin/injuries Humans Leg Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control Male Patient Compliance Prospective Studies Risk Factors Soccer/*injuries Sprains and Strains/epidemiology/*prevention & control Surveys and Questionnaires Tendon Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control Trauma Severity Indices N2 - BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate whether the most common injuries in soccer could be prevented, and to determine if a simple questionnaire could identify players at increased risk. HYPOTHESIS: Introduction of targeted exercise programs to male soccer players with a history of previous injury or reduced function in the ankle, knee, hamstring, or groin will prevent injuries. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: A total of 508 players representing 31 teams were included in the study. A questionnaire indicating previous injury and/or reduced function as inclusion criteria was used to divide the players into high-risk (HR) (76%) and low-risk (LR) groups. The HR players were randomized individually into an HR intervention group or HR control group. RESULTS: A total of 505 injuries were reported, sustained by 56% of the players. The total injury incidence was a mean of 3.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5-3.9) in the LR control group, 5.3 (95% CI, 4.6-6.0) in the HR control group (P = .0001 vs the LR control group), and 4.9 (95% CI, 4.3-5.6) in the HR intervention group (P = .50 vs the HR control group). For the main outcome measure, the sum of injuries to the ankle, knee, hamstring, and groin, there was also a significantly lower injury risk in the LR control group compared with the 2 other groups, but no difference between the HR intervention group and the HR control group. Compliance with the training programs in the HR intervention group was poor, with only 27.5% in the ankle group, 29.2% in the knee group, 21.1% in the hamstring group, and 19.4% in the groin defined as having carried out the minimum recommended training volume. CONCLUSION: The players with a significantly increased risk of injury were able to be identified through the use of a questionnaire, but player compliance with the training programs prescribed was low and any effect of the intervention on injury risk could not be detected. AD - Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Science, PO Box 4014 Ulleval Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway. Anders.Engebretsen@nih.no UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18390492 ID - 296 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Faries, M.D. AU - Greenwood, M. PY - 2007 TI - Core training: stabilising the confusion SP - 10-25 JF - Strength and Conditioning Journal VL - 29 N1 - Core training: stabilising the confusion ID - 683 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Fernandez-Fernandez, J. AU - Ellenbecker, T. AU - Sanz-Rivas, D. AU - Ulbricht, A. AU - Ferrautia, A. PY - 2013 TI - Effects of a 6-week junior tennis conditioning program on service velocity SP - 232-9 JF - Journal of Sports Science and Medicine JO - Journal of sports science & medicine VL - 12 IS - 2 SN - 1303-2968 (Electronic) 1303-2968 (Linking) N1 - Effects of a 6-week junior tennis conditioning program on service velocity N1 - 24149801 N1 - Fernandez-Fernandez, Jaime Ellenbecker, Todd Sanz-Rivas, David Ulbricht, Alexander Ferrautia, Alexander Turkey J Sports Sci Med. 2013 Jun 1;12(2):232-9. eCollection 2013. N1 - eng N2 - This study examined the effects of a 6-week strength-training program on serve velocity in youth tennis players. Thirty competitive healthy and nationally ranked male junior tennis players (13 years of age) were randomly and equally divided into control and training groups. The training group performed 3 sessions (60-70 min) weekly for 6 weeks, comprising core strength, elastic resistance and medicine ball exercises. Both groups (control and training) also performed a supervised stretching routine at the end of each training session, during the 6 week intervention. Service velocity, service accuracy and shoulder internal/external rotation were assessed initially and at the end of the 6-week conditioning program for both, control and training groups. There was a significant improvement in the serve velocity for the training group (p = 0. 0001) after the intervention, whereas in the control group there were no differences between pre and post-tests (p = 0.29). Serve accuracy was not affected in the training group (p = 0.10), nor in the control group (p = 0.15). Shoulder internal/external rotation ROM significantly improved in both groups, training (p = 0.001) and control (p = 0.0001). The present results showed that a short- term training program for young tennis players, using minimum equipment and effort, can result in improved tennis performance (i.e., serve velocity) and a reduction in the risk of a possible overuse injury, reflected by an improvement in shoulder external/internal range of motion. Key PointsA short-term training program for young tennis players, using minimum equipment and effort, can result in improved tennis performance and a reduction in the risk of a possible overuse injury, reflected by an improvement in shoulder external/internal range of motionA combination of core stabilization, elastic resistance exercises, and upper body plyometric exercises (i.e., medicine ball throws), focussing on the primary muscle groups and stabilizers involved in tennis specific movement patterns, could be appropriate for development tennis playersStretching exercises are recommended in the cool-down phase following matches or training sessions. AD - Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University Bochum , Germany; ; Tennis Performance Research Group , Madrid, Spain; UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24149801 ID - 301 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Fig, G. PY - 2005 TI - Sport-specific conditioning: strength training for swimmers - training the core SP - 40-2 JF - Strength and Conditioning Journal VL - 27 N1 - Sport-specific conditioning: strength training for swimmers - training the core ID - 684 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Fiskerstrand, A AU - Seiler, K.S. PY - 2004 TI - Training and performance characteristics among Norwegian international rowers 1970-2001. SP - 303-10 JF - Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports VL - 14 IS - 5 N1 - Training and performance characteristics among Norwegian international rowers 1970-2001. ID - 203 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Foss, I.S. AU - Holme, I. AU - Bahr, R. PY - 2012 TI - The prevalence of low back pain among former elite cross-country skiers, rowers, orienteerers, and nonathletes: a 10-year cohort study SP - 2610-6 JF - American Journal of Sports Medicine VL - 40 IS - 11 N1 - The prevalence of low back pain among former elite cross-country skiers, rowers, orienteerers, and nonathletes: a 10-year cohort study M3 - 10.1177/0363546512458413 ID - 207 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Garrison, M. AU - Westrick, R. AU - Johnson, M. R. AU - Benenson, J. PY - 2015 TI - Association between the functional movement screen and injury development in college athletes SP - 21-8 N1 - Feb JF - International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy JO - International journal of sports physical therapy VL - 10 IS - 1 SN - 2159-2896 (Electronic) N1 - Association between the functional movement screen and injury development in college athletes N1 - 25709859 N1 - Garrison, Michael Westrick, Richard Johnson, Michael R Benenson, Jonathan Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015 Feb;10(1):21-8. N1 - eng N2 - BACKGROUND: As the number of sports participants continues to rise, so does the number of sports injuries. Establishing a valid method of identifying athletes at elevated risk for injury could lead to intervention programs that lower injury rates and improve overall athlete performance. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is an efficient and reliable method to screen movement patterns during the performance of specific tasks. The purpose of this study is to explore the association between pre-season FMS TM scores and the development of injury in a population of collegiate athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: FMS scores were obtained for 160 collegiate athletes and injury development was tracked throughout the season. These athletes were both male and female and participated in contact and non-contact sports. Redundancies were utilized with injury data collection, including medical record reviews and interviews with team athletic trainers, to ensure that all injuries requiring medical attention were captured. At the conclusion of the season, a logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which combination of factors best predicted injury. RESULTS: Athletes with an FMS composite score at 14 or below combined with a self-reported past history of injury were at 15 times increased risk of injury. A positive likelihood ratio of 5.8 was calculated which improved the probability of predicting injury from 33% pretest to 74% posttest. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to the growing body of evidence demonstrating a predictive relationship between FMS composite scores and past history of injury with the development of future injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3, Non-random prospective cohort design. AD - US Army-Baylor Sports Medicine Physical Therapy Doctoral Program, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY USA. Senior Actuarial Analyst, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY USA. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25709859 ID - 308 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gottschall, J. S. AU - Mills, J. AU - Hastings, B. PY - 2013 TI - Integration core exercises elicit greater muscle activation than isolation exercises SP - 590-6 N1 - Mar JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research JO - Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association VL - 27 IS - 3 SN - 1533-4287 (Electronic) 1064-8011 (Linking) N1 - Integration core exercises elicit greater muscle activation than isolation exercises N1 - 22580983 N1 - Gottschall, Jinger S Mills, Jackie Hastings, Bryce J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Mar;27(3):590-6. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2cc7. M3 - 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2cc7 N1 - eng KW - Abdominal Muscles/physiology Analysis of Variance Electromyography Exercise/*physiology Female Humans Male Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Young Adult N2 - The American College of Sports Medicine and the United States Department of Health and Human Services advocate core training as a means to improve stability, reduce injury, and maintain mobility. There are countless exercises that target the primary core trunk muscles (abdominal and lumbar) with the aim of providing these benefits. However, it is unknown as to which exercises elicit the greatest activation thereby maximizing functional gains and peak performance. Thus, our purpose was to determine whether integration core exercises that require activation of the distal trunk muscles (deltoid and gluteal) elicit greater activation of primary trunk muscles in comparison with isolation core exercises that only require activation of the proximal trunk muscles. Twenty participants, 10 men and 10 women, completed 16 randomly assigned exercises (e.g., crunch, upper body extension, and hover variations). We measured muscle activity with surface electromyography of the anterior deltoid, rectus abdominus, external abdominal oblique, lumbar erector spinae, thoracic erector spinae, and gluteus maximus. Our results indicate that the activation of the abdominal and lumbar muscles was the greatest during the exercises that required deltoid and gluteal recruitment. In conclusion, when completing the core strength guidelines, an integrated routine that incorporates the activation of distal trunk musculature would be optimal in terms of maximizing strength, improving endurance, enhancing stability, reducing injury, and maintaining mobility. AD - Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. jinger@psu.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22580983 ID - 310 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Grygorowicz, M. AU - Piontek, T. AU - Dudzinski, W. PY - 2013 TI - Evaluation of functional limitations in female soccer players and their relationship with sports level--a cross sectional study SP - e66871 JF - PLoS One JO - PloS one VL - 8 IS - 6 SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Evaluation of functional limitations in female soccer players and their relationship with sports level--a cross sectional study N1 - 23825579 N1 - Grygorowicz, Monika Piontek, Tomasz Dudzinski, Witold PLoS One. 2013 Jun 25;8(6):e66871. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066871. Print 2013. M3 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0066871 N1 - eng KW - Arthralgia/physiopathology *Athletes Athletic Performance/*physiology Cross-Sectional Studies Female Humans Lower Extremity/anatomy & histology/physiology Motor Skills/physiology Movement/physiology Muscles/anatomy & histology/physiology Patellofemoral Joint/physiopathology Soccer/*physiology Young Adult N2 - THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: the aim of this study was to analyze: a) abnormalities in the length of lower limb muscles, b) the correctness of movement patterns, and c) the impact of functional limitations of muscles on the correctness of fundamental movement patterns in a group of female soccer players, in relation to their skill level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 21 female soccer players from Polish Ekstraklasa and 22 players from the 1(st) Division were tested for lower limb muscle length restrictions and level of fundamental movement skills (with the Fundamental Movement Screen test concept by Gray Cook). Chi-square test was used for categorical unrelated variables. Differences between groups in absolute point values were analyzed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Statistically significant higher number of measurements indicating an abnormal length of rectus femoris was observed in the 1st Division group (p = 0.0433). In the group of Ekstraklasa the authors obtained a significantly higher number of abnormal hamstring test results (p = 0.0006). Ekstraklasa players scored higher in the rotational stability test of the trunk (p = 0.0008), whereas the 1st Division players scored higher in the following tests: deep squat (p = 0.0220), in-line lunge (p = 0.0042) and active straight leg raise (p = 0.0125). The results suggest that there are different functional reasons affecting point values obtained in the FMS tests in both analyzed groups. CONCLUSIONS: The differences in the flexibility of rectus femoris and hamstring muscle observed between female soccer players with different levels of training, may result from a long-term impact of soccer training on the muscle-tendon system and articular structures. Different causes of abnormalities in fundamental movement patterns in both analyzed groups suggest the need for tailoring prevention programs to the level of sport skills represented by the players. AD - Research and Development Department, Rehasport Clinic, Poznan, Poland. monika.grygorowicz@rehasport.pl UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23825579 ID - 312 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hammes, D. AU - Aus der Funten, K. AU - Bizzini, M. AU - Meyer, T. PY - 2016 TI - Injury prediction in veteran football players using the Functional Movement Screen SP - 1-9 N1 - Mar 3 JF - Journal of Sports Sciences JO - Journal of sports sciences VL - 3 SN - 1466-447X (Electronic) 0264-0414 (Linking) N1 - Injury prediction in veteran football players using the Functional Movement Screen N1 - 26939907 N1 - Hammes, Daniel Aus der Funten, Karen Bizzini, Mario Meyer, Tim J Sports Sci. 2016 Mar 3:1-9. M3 - 10.1080/02640414.2016.1152390 N1 - Eng N2 - The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is aimed at assessing fundamental movements and is often used to identify players' injury risk. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the FMS can be used to predict injuries in veteran footballers (aged > 32 years). Eighteen veteran football teams (n = 238) were recruited and prospectively followed for 9 months. The players (44 +/- 7 years; 178 +/- 7 cm, 84 +/- 11 kg) performed the FMS at the start of the study period. Players' exposure hours and injuries were recorded. The difference of FMS overall score between injured and uninjured players was not significant (11.7 +/- 2.9 vs 12.2 +/- 2.8 points; Mann-Whitney U-test P = 0.17). Players scoring <10 (score < 1 standard deviation [SD]) below the mean) had a significantly higher injury incidence (z-statistics P < 0.05) compared to an intermediate reference group (mean +/- 1 SD; scores of 10-14). No lower injury incidence for players with scores of >14 (score > 1 SD above the mean) was found. Further analyses of potential risk factors suggest higher age, lower body mass and a longer football career to be risk factors for injuries. The findings of this study suggest that the suitability of the FMS for injury prediction in veteran footballers is limited. AD - a Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine , Saarland University , Saarbrucken , Germany. b Department of Sport , Exercise and Health, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland. c FIFA-Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), Schulthess Clinic , Zurich , Switzerland. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26939907 ID - 313 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Harrington, S. AU - Meisel, C. AU - Tate, A. PY - 2014 TI - A cross-sectional study examining shoulder pain and disability in Division I female swimmers SP - 65-75 N1 - Feb JF - Journal of Sport Rehabilitation JO - Journal of sport rehabilitation VL - 23 IS - 1 SN - 1543-3072 (Electronic) 1056-6716 (Linking) N1 - A cross-sectional study examining shoulder pain and disability in Division I female swimmers N1 - 23945068 N1 - Harrington, Shana Meisel, Corinne Tate, Angela K12 HD055929/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ J Sport Rehabil. 2014 Feb;23(1):65-75. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2012-0123. Epub 2013 Aug 12. M3 - 10.1123/jsr.2012-0123 N1 - eng KW - Adolescent Cross-Sectional Studies Disability Evaluation Exercise Test Female Functional Laterality Humans Muscle Strength Organ Size Pectoralis Muscles/*anatomy & histology/*physiopathology Physical Endurance Range of Motion, Articular Rotation Shoulder Joint/*physiopathology Shoulder Pain/*physiopathology Surveys and Questionnaires Swimming/injuries/*physiology Upper Extremity/physiopathology Young Adult N2 - CONTEXT: The prevalence of shoulder pain in the competitive swimming population has been reported to be as high as 91%. Female collegiate swimmers have a reported shoulder-injury rate 3 times greater than their male counterparts. There has been little information on how to best prevent shoulder pain in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine if differences exist in shoulder range of motion, upper-extremity strength, core endurance, and pectoralis minor length in NCAA Division I female swimmers with and without shoulder pain and disability. METHODS: NCAA Division I females (N = 37) currently swimming completed a brief survey that included the pain subscale of the Penn Shoulder Score (PSS) and the sports/performing arts module of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Outcome Measure. Passive range of motion for shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) at 90 degrees abduction was measured using a digital inclinometer. Strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer for scapular depression and adduction, scapular adduction, IR, and ER. Core endurance was assessed using the side-bridge and prone-bridge tests. Pectoralis minor muscle length was assessed in both a resting and a stretched position using the PALM palpation meter. All measures were taken on the dominant and nondominant arms. RESULTS: Participants were classified as positive for pain and disability if the following 2 criteria were met: The DASH sports module score was >6/20 points and the PSS strenuous pain score was >/=4/10. If these criteria were not met, participants were classified as negative for pain and disability. Significant differences were found between the 2 groups on the dominant side for pectoralis muscle length at rest (P = .003) and stretch (P = .029). CONCLUSIONS: The results provide preliminary evidence regarding an association between a decrease in pectoralis minor length and shoulder pain and disability in Division I female swimmers. AD - Dept of Clinical & Applied Movement Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23945068 ID - 315 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hewett, T. E. AU - Paterno, M. V. AU - Myer, G. D. PY - 2002 TI - Strategies for enhancing proprioception and neuromuscular control of the knee SP - 76-94 N1 - Sep JF - Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research JO - Clinical orthopaedics and related research VL - 402 SN - 0009-921X (Print) 0009-921X (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Strategies for enhancing proprioception and neuromuscular control of the knee N1 - 12218474 N1 - Hewett, Timothy E Paterno, Mark V Myer, Gregory D Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002 Sep;(402):76-94. N1 - eng KW - Anterior Cruciate Ligament/physiology/surgery Female Humans Knee Injuries/*rehabilitation/surgery Male Mechanoreceptors/physiology Muscle, Skeletal/innervation/*physiology Neuromuscular Junction Physical Therapy Modalities/*methods Posture/physiology Proprioception/*physiology Range of Motion, Articular N2 - Proprioception and neuromuscular control of the knee are compromised after ligament injury and must be regained if the athlete is to return to high level sports at a normal injury risk level. The anterior cruciate ligament deficient and reconstructed knee will be used as a model to describe differences in proprioception and neuromuscular control to those of an uninjured knee. The purpose of the current review is threefold. First, the basic science of proprioception and neuromuscular control specific to the knee will be summarized and reviewed. The review will include an overview of terminology, neurophysiology, and the effects of injury on the function of both lower limbs. Second, tools used for assessment and rehabilitation of proprioceptive deficits will be evaluated. Specific rehabilitation procedures that incorporate prophylactic conditioning that focus on transitioning the injured athlete back into sport will be presented. Finally, the literature with respect to gender variation in proprioception and neuromuscular control will be evaluated. The goal of the current review is to provide the clinician and the clinical scientist with sufficient background information for the development of quantitative methods to evaluate a patient's functional capacity and to assist in preventative, preoperative, and postoperative decision-making strategies. AD - Cincinnati Children's Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12218474 ID - 319 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hewett, T. E. AU - Torg, J. S. AU - Boden, B. P. PY - 2009 TI - Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism SP - 417-22 N1 - Jun JF - British Journal of Sports Medicine JO - British journal of sports medicine VL - 43 IS - 6 SN - 1473-0480 (Electronic) 0306-3674 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural N1 - Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism N1 - 19372088 N1 - Hewett, T E Torg, J S Boden, B P R01 AR049735/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ R01 AR055563/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ R01 AR055563-01A1/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ R01 AR05563/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ R01 AR056259/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ England Br J Sports Med. 2009 Jun;43(6):417-22. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.059162. Epub 2009 Apr 15. M3 - 10.1136/bjsm.2009.059162 N1 - eng KW - Adolescent Adult Anterior Cruciate Ligament/*injuries/physiopathology Basketball/*injuries Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology Epidemiologic Methods Female Humans Knee Injuries/*physiopathology Knee Joint/*physiopathology Range of Motion, Articular/physiology Task Performance and Analysis Video Recording Young Adult N2 - BACKGROUND: The combined positioning of the trunk and knee in the coronal and sagittal planes during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has not been previously reported. HYPOTHESIS: During ACL injury female athletes demonstrate greater lateral trunk and knee abduction angles than ACL-injured male athletes and uninjured female athletes. DESIGN: Cross-section control-cohort design. METHODS: Analyses of still captures from 23 coronal (10 female and 7 male ACL-injured players and 6 female controls) or 28 sagittal plane videos performing similar landing and cutting tasks. Significance was set at p < or = 0.05. RESULTS: Lateral trunk and knee abduction angles were higher in female compared to male athletes during ACL injury (p < or = 0.05) and trended toward being greater than female controls (p = 0.16, 0.13, respectively). Female ACL-injured athletes showed less forward trunk lean than female controls (mean (SD) initial contact (IC): 1.6 (9.3) degrees vs 14.0 (7.3) degrees, p < or = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Female athletes landed with greater lateral trunk motion and knee abduction during ACL injury than did male athletes or control females during similar landing and cutting tasks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are important components of the ACL injury mechanism in female athletes as observed from video evidence of ACL injury. AD - Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH, USA. tim.hewett@cchmc.org UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372088 ID - 317 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hibbs, A. E. AU - Thompson, K. G. AU - French, D. AU - Wrigley, A. AU - Spears, I. PY - 2008 TI - Optimizing performance by improving core stability and core strength SP - 995-1008 JF - Sports Medicine JO - Sports medicine VL - 38 IS - 12 SN - 0112-1642 (Print) 0112-1642 (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Optimizing performance by improving core stability and core strength N1 - 19026017 N1 - Hibbs, Angela E Thompson, Kevin G French, Duncan Wrigley, Allan Spears, Iain New Zealand Auckland, N.Z. Sports Med. 2008;38(12):995-1008. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838120-00004. M3 - 10.2165/00007256-200838120-00004 N1 - eng KW - Abdominal Muscles/physiology Athletic Injuries/prevention & control/rehabilitation Athletic Performance/*physiology Humans Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Physical Education and Training/*methods Resistance Training/*methods N2 - Core stability and core strength have been subject to research since the early 1980s. Research has highlighted benefits of training these processes for people with back pain and for carrying out everyday activities. However, less research has been performed on the benefits of core training for elite athletes and how this training should be carried out to optimize sporting performance. Many elite athletes undertake core stability and core strength training as part of their training programme, despite contradictory findings and conclusions as to their efficacy. This is mainly due to the lack of a gold standard method for measuring core stability and strength when performing everyday tasks and sporting movements. A further confounding factor is that because of the differing demands on the core musculature during everyday activities (low load, slow movements) and sporting activities (high load, resisted, dynamic movements), research performed in the rehabilitation sector cannot be applied to the sporting environment and, subsequently, data regarding core training programmes and their effectiveness on sporting performance are lacking. There are many articles in the literature that promote core training programmes and exercises for performance enhancement without providing a strong scientific rationale of their effectiveness, especially in the sporting sector. In the rehabilitation sector, improvements in lower back injuries have been reported by improving core stability. Few studies have observed any performance enhancement in sporting activities despite observing improvements in core stability and core strength following a core training programme. A clearer understanding of the roles that specific muscles have during core stability and core strength exercises would enable more functional training programmes to be implemented, which may result in a more effective transfer of these skills to actual sporting activities. AD - English Institute of Sport, Gateshead International Stadium, Gateshead, UK. angela.hibbs@eis2win.co.uk UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19026017 ID - 320 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hides, J. A. AU - Stanton, W. R. PY - 2014 TI - Can motor control training lower the risk of injury for professional football players? SP - 762-8 N1 - Apr JF - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise JO - Medicine and science in sports and exercise VL - 46 IS - 4 SN - 1530-0315 (Electronic) 0195-9131 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Can motor control training lower the risk of injury for professional football players? N1 - 24056268 N1 - Hides, Julie A Stanton, Warren R Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Apr;46(4):762-8. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000169. M3 - 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000169 N1 - eng KW - Abdominal Muscles/*anatomy & histology/*physiology/ultrasonography Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control Australia/epidemiology *Exercise Therapy Feedback, Physiological Humans Lower Extremity/*injuries Magnetic Resonance Imaging Muscle Contraction Paraspinal Muscles/*anatomy & histology/*physiology/ultrasonography Pelvic Floor/anatomy & histology/physiology/ultrasonography *Physical Education and Training Risk Factors Soccer/*injuries N2 - PURPOSE: Among injuries reported by the Australian Football League (AFL), lower limb injuries have shown the highest incidence and prevalence rates. Deficits in the muscles of the lumbopelvic region, such as a smaller size of multifidus (MF) muscle, have been related to the occurrence of lower limb injuries in the preseason in AFL players. Motor control training programs have been effective in restoring the size and control of the MF muscle, but the relationship between motor control training and occurrence of injuries has not been extensively examined. METHODS: This pre- and postintervention trial was delivered during the playing season as a panel design with three groups. The motor control program involved voluntary contractions of the MF, transversus abdominis, and pelvic floor muscles while receiving feedback from ultrasound imaging and progressed into a functional rehabilitation program. Assessments of muscle size and function were performed using magnetic resonance imaging and included the measurement of cross-sectional areas of MF, psoas, and quadratus lumborum muscles and the change in trunk cross-sectional area due to voluntarily contracting the transversus abdominis muscle. Injury data were obtained from club records. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants. RESULTS: A smaller size of the MF muscle (odds ratio [OR] = 2.38) or quadratus lumborum muscle (OR = 2.17) was predictive of lower limb injury in the playing season. At the time point when one group of players had not received the intervention (n = 14), comparisons were made with the combined groups who had received the intervention (n = 32). The risk of sustaining a severe injury was lower for those players who received the motor control intervention (OR = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Although there are many factors associated with injuries in AFL, motor control training may provide a useful addition to strategies aimed at reducing lower limb injuries. AD - 1School of Physiotherapy, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane Campus, Queensland, AUSTRALIA; and 2Mater/Back Stability Clinic, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, AUSTRALIA. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24056268 ID - 327 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hides, J. A. AU - Stanton, W. R. AU - Mendis, M. D. AU - Gildea, J. AU - Sexton, M. J. PY - 2012 TI - Effect of motor control training on muscle size and football games missed from injury SP - 1141-9 N1 - Jun JF - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise JO - Medicine and science in sports and exercise VL - 44 IS - 6 SN - 1530-0315 (Electronic) 0195-9131 (Linking) N1 - Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Effect of motor control training on muscle size and football games missed from injury N1 - 22157811 N1 - Hides, Julie A Stanton, Warren R Mendis, M Dilani Gildea, Jan Sexton, Margot J Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Jun;44(6):1141-9. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318244a321. M3 - 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318244a321 N1 - eng KW - Analysis of Variance Athletic Injuries/*prevention & control Humans Male Muscle, Skeletal/injuries/*physiology *Physical Education and Training Soccer/*injuries Young Adult N2 - PURPOSE: This panel-randomized intervention trial was designed to examine the effect of a motor control training program for elite Australian Football League players with and without low back pain (LBP). METHODS: The outcome measures included cross-sectional area (CSA) and symmetry of multifidus, quadratus lumborum, and psoas muscles and the change in CSA of the trunk in response to an abdominal drawing-in task. These measures of muscle size and function were performed using magnetic resonance imaging. Availability of players for competition games was used to assess the effect of the intervention on the occurrence of injuries. The motor control program involved performance of voluntary contractions of the multifidus and transversus abdominis muscles while receiving feedback from ultrasound imaging. Because all players were to receive the intervention, the trial was delivered as a stepped-wedge design with three treatment arms (a 15-wk intervention, a 8-wk intervention, and a waitlist control who received a 7-wk intervention toward the end of the playing season). Players participated in a Pilates program when they were not receiving the intervention. RESULTS: The intervention program was associated with an increase in multifidus muscle size relative to results in the control group. The program was also associated with an improved ability to draw-in the abdominal wall. Intervention was commensurate with an increase in availability for games and a high level of perceived benefit. CONCLUSIONS: The motor control program delivered to elite footballers was effective, with demonstrated changes in the size and control of the targeted muscles. In this study, footballers who received the intervention early in the season missed fewer games because of injury than those who received it late in the playing season. AD - School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane Campus (McAuley at Banyo), Queensland, Australia. julie.hides@acu.edu.au UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22157811 ID - 321 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hill, J. AU - Leiszler, M. PY - 2011 TI - Review and role of plyometrics and core rehabilitation in competitive sport SP - 345-51 JF - Current Sports Medicine Reports VL - 10 N1 - Review and role of plyometrics and core rehabilitation in competitive sport ID - 353 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hirashima, M. AU - Kadota, H. AU - Sakurai, S. AU - Kudo, K. AU - Ohtsuki, T. PY - 2002 TI - Sequential muscle activity and its functional role in the upper extremity and trunk during overarm throwing SP - 301-10 N1 - Apr JF - Journal of Sports Sciences JO - Journal of sports sciences VL - 20 IS - 4 SN - 0264-0414 (Print) 0264-0414 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Sequential muscle activity and its functional role in the upper extremity and trunk during overarm throwing N1 - 12003275 N1 - Hirashima, Masaya Kadota, Hiroshi Sakurai, Shizuka Kudo, Katzutoshi Ohtsuki, Tatsuyuki England J Sports Sci. 2002 Apr;20(4):301-10. M3 - 10.1080/026404102753576071 N1 - eng KW - Abdominal Muscles/physiology Adult Arm/*physiology Elbow Joint/physiology Electromyography Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Male Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Shoulder/physiology Sports/*physiology Wrist Joint/physiology N2 - The proximal-to-distal segmental sequence has been identified in many sports activities, including baseball pitching and ball kicking. However, proximal-to-distal sequential muscle activity has not been identified. The aims of this study were to establish whether sequential muscle activity does occur and, if it does, to determine its functional role. We recorded surface electromyograms (EMGs) for 17 muscles from the upper extremity and abdomen during overarm throwing and detected the onset and peak times as indices of muscle activity. The following electromyographic properties were commonly identified in the participants. First, sequential muscle activity was observed from the scapular protractors to the shoulder horizontal flexors and from the shoulder horizontal flexors to the elbow extensor, but not from the elbow extensor to the wrist flexor or forearm pronator. Secondly, the external oblique contralateral to the throwing arm became activated before the ipsilateral external oblique. This sequence is considered to be very effective for the generation of high force and energy in the trunk. Thirdly, the ipsilateral external oblique began its activity almost at foot strike. Finally, the main activity of the rectus abdominis appeared just before the point of release. AD - Department of Life Sciences (Sports Sciences), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan. pingdao@tkf.att.ne.jp UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12003275 ID - 355 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hirashima, M. AU - Kudo, K. AU - Ohtsuki, T. PY - 2003 TI - Utilization and compensation of interaction torques during ball-throwing movements SP - 1784-96 N1 - Apr JF - Journal of Neurophysiology JO - Journal of neurophysiology VL - 89 IS - 4 SN - 0022-3077 (Print) 0022-3077 (Linking) N1 - Utilization and compensation of interaction torques during ball-throwing movements N1 - 12611996 N1 - Hirashima, Masaya Kudo, Kazutoshi Ohtsuki, Tatsuyuki J Neurophysiol. 2003 Apr;89(4):1784-96. Epub 2002 Dec 27. M3 - 10.1152/jn.00674.2002 N1 - eng KW - Adult Arm/*physiology Biomechanical Phenomena Elbow Joint/physiology Humans Joints/*physiology Kinetics Male *Models, Biological Movement/*physiology Shoulder Joint/physiology Torque Wrist Joint/physiology N2 - The manner in which the CNS deals with interaction torques at each joint in ball throwing was investigated by instructing subjects to throw a ball at three different speeds, using two (elbow and wrist) or three joints (shoulder, elbow, and wrist). The results indicated that the role of the muscle torque at the most proximal joint was to accelerate the most proximal joint and to produce the effect of interjoint interaction on the distal joints. In the three-joint throwing, shoulder muscle torque produced the assistive interaction torque for the elbow, which was effectively utilized to generate large elbow angular velocity when throwing fast. However, at the wrist, the muscle torque always counteracted the interaction torque. By this kinetic mechanism, the wrist angular velocity at the ball-release time was kept relatively constant irrespective of ball speed, which would lead to an accurate ball release. Thus it was concluded that humans can adjust the speed and accuracy of ball-throwing by utilizing interaction torque or compensating for it. AD - Department of Life Sciences (Sports Sciences), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan. pingdao@tkf.att.ne.jp UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12611996 ID - 354 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hodges, P. W. PY - 2003 TI - Core stability exercise in chronic low back pain SP - 245-54 N1 - Apr JF - Orthopedic Clinics of North America JO - The Orthopedic clinics of North America VL - 34 IS - 2 SN - 0030-5898 (Print) 0030-5898 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review N1 - Core stability exercise in chronic low back pain N1 - 12914264 N1 - Hodges, Paul W Orthop Clin North Am. 2003 Apr;34(2):245-54. N1 - eng KW - Chronic Disease *Exercise Therapy Humans Low Back Pain/*therapy N2 - In conclusion, core stability exercise is an evolving process, and refinement of the clinical rehabilitation strategies is ongoing. Two major foci are addressed in contemporary core stability programs: motor control and muscle capacity. Both of these factors have considerable foundation in the literature and can be seen as a progression of exercise rather than conflicting approaches. Importantly, the clinical efficacy of these approaches is being realized in clinical trials. Further work is required, however, to refine and validate the approach, particularly with reference to contemporary understanding of the neurobiology of chronic pain. AD - Department of Physiotherapy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. p.hodges@shrs.uq.edu.au UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12914264 ID - 428 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hodges, P. W. AU - Moseley, G. L. PY - 2003 TI - Pain and motor control of the lumbopelvic region: effect and possible mechanisms SP - 361-70 N1 - Aug JF - Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology JO - Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology VL - 13 IS - 4 SN - 1050-6411 (Print) 1050-6411 (Linking) N1 - Pain and motor control of the lumbopelvic region: effect and possible mechanisms N1 - 12832166 N1 - Hodges, Paul W Moseley, G Lorimer England J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003 Aug;13(4):361-70. N1 - eng KW - Humans Low Back Pain/*physiopathology Lumbosacral Region Muscle, Skeletal/innervation/*physiopathology Nervous System/physiopathology Pelvis N2 - Many authors report changes in the control of the trunk muscles in people with low back pain (LBP). Although there is considerable disagreement regarding the nature of these changes, we have consistently found differential effects on the deep intrinsic and superficial muscles of the lumbopelvic region. Two issues require consideration; first, the potential mechanisms for these changes in control, and secondly, the effect or outcome of changes in control for lumbopelvic function. Recent data indicate that experimentally induced pain may replicate some of the changes identified in people with LBP. While this does not exclude the possibility that changes in control of the trunk muscles may lead to pain, it does argue that, at least in some cases, pain may cause the changes in control. There are many possible mechanisms, including changes in excitability in the motor pathway, changes in the sensory system, and factors associated with the attention demanding, stressful and fearful aspects of pain. A new hypothesis is presented regarding the outcome from differential effects of pain on the elements of the motor system. Taken together these data argue for strategies of prevention and rehabilitation of LBP. AD - Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. p.hodges@shrs.uq.edu.au UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12832166 ID - 208 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hodges, P. W. AU - Richardson, C. A. PY - 1996 TI - Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain. A motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis SP - 2640-50 N1 - Nov 15 JF - Spine JO - Spine VL - 21 IS - 22 SN - 0362-2436 (Print) 0362-2436 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain. A motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis N1 - 8961451 N1 - Hodges, P W Richardson, C A Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996 Nov 15;21(22):2640-50. N1 - eng KW - Adult Extremities Female Humans Low Back Pain/*physiopathology Male *Movement Muscles/*physiopathology Posture Spine/*physiopathology N2 - STUDY DESIGN: The contribution of transversus abdominis to spinal stabilization was evaluated indirectly in people with and without low back pain using an experimental model identifying the coordination of trunk muscles in response to a disturbances to the spine produced by arm movement. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the temporal sequence of trunk muscle activity associated with arm movement, and to determine if dysfunction of this parameter was present in patients with low back pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Few studies have evaluated the motor control of trunk muscles or the potential for dysfunction of this system in patients with low back pain. Evaluation of the response of trunk muscles to limb movement provides a suitable model to evaluate this system. Recent evidence indicates that this evaluation should include transversus abdominis. METHODS: While standing, 15 patients with low back pain and 15 matched control subjects performed rapid shoulder flexion, abduction, and extension in response to a visual stimulus. Electromyographic activity of the abdominal muscles, lumbar multifidus, and the surface electrodes. RESULTS: Movement in each direction resulted in contraction of trunk muscles before or shortly after the deltoid in control subjects. The transversus abdominis was invariably the first muscle active and was not influenced by movement direction, supporting the hypothesized role of this muscle in spinal stiffness generation. Contraction of transversus abdominis was significantly delayed in patients with low back pain with all movements. Isolated differences were noted in the other muscles. CONCLUSIONS: The delayed onset of contraction of transversus abdominis indicates a deficit of motor control and is hypothesized to result in inefficient muscular stabilization of the spine. AD - Department of Physiotherapy, University of Queensland, Australia. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8961451 ID - 181 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hodges, P. W. AU - Richardson, C. A. PY - 1997 TI - Feedforward contraction of transversus abdominis is not influenced by the direction of arm movement SP - 362-70 N1 - Apr JF - Experimental Brain Research JO - Experimental brain research VL - 114 IS - 2 SN - 0014-4819 (Print) 0014-4819 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Feedforward contraction of transversus abdominis is not influenced by the direction of arm movement N1 - 9166925 N1 - Hodges, P W Richardson, C A GERMANY Exp Brain Res. 1997 Apr;114(2):362-70. N1 - eng KW - Adult Arm Electromyography Female Homeostasis Humans Male Movement Muscle Contraction/*physiology Muscle, Skeletal/innervation/*physiology Psychomotor Performance Shoulder Joint N2 - Because the structure of the spine is inherently unstable, muscle activation is essential for the maintenance of trunk posture and intervertebral control when the limbs are moved. To investigate how the central nervous system deals with this situation the temporal components of the response of the muscles of the trunk were evaluated during rapid limb movement performed in response to a visual stimulus. Fine-wire electromyography (EMG) electrodes were inserted into transversus abdominis (TrA), obliquus internus abdominis (OI) and obliquus externus abdominis (OE) of 15 subjects under the guidance of real-time ultrasound imaging. Surface electrodes were placed over rectus abdominis (RA), lumbar multifidus (MF) and the three parts of deltoid. In a standing position, ten repetitions of shoulder flexion, abduction and extension were performed by the subjects as fast as possible in response to a visual stimulus. The onset of TrA EMG occurred in advance of deltoid irrespective of the movement direction. The time to onset of EMG activity of OI, OE, RA and MF varied with the movement direction, being activated earliest when the prime action of the muscle opposed the reactive forces associated with the specific limb movement. It is postulated that the non-direction-specific contraction of TrA may be related to the control of trunk stability independent of the requirement for direction-specific control of the centre of gravity in relation to the base of support. AD - Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Queensland, Australia. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9166925 ID - 392 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hodges, P. W. AU - Richardson, C. A. PY - 1997 TI - Contraction of the abdominal muscles associated with movement of the lower limb SP - 132-42 N1 - Feb JF - Physical Therapy JO - Physical therapy VL - 77 IS - 2 SN - 0031-9023 (Print) 0031-9023 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Contraction of the abdominal muscles associated with movement of the lower limb N1 - 9037214 N1 - Hodges, P W Richardson, C A Phys Ther. 1997 Feb;77(2):132-42; discussion 142-4. N1 - eng KW - Abdominal Muscles/*physiology Adolescent Adult Data Interpretation, Statistical Electromyography Feedback/physiology Female Hip/*physiology Humans Male Movement/*physiology *Muscle Contraction Reaction Time N2 - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Activity of the trunk muscles is essential for maintaining stability of the lumbar spine because of the unstable structure of that portion of the spine. A model involving evaluation of the response of the lumbar multifidus and abdominal muscles to leg movement was developed to evaluate this function. SUBJECTS: To examine this function in healthy persons, 9 male and 6 female subjects (mean age = 20.6 years, SD = 2.3) with no history of low back pain were studied. METHODS: Fine-wire and surface electromyography electrodes were used to record the activity of selected trunk muscles and the prime movers for hip flexion, abduction, and extension during hip movements in each of those directions. RESULTS: Trunk muscle activity occurring prior to activity of the prime mover of the limb was associated with hip movement in each direction. The transversus abdominis (TrA) muscle was invariably the first muscle that was active. Although reaction time for the TrA and oblique abdominal muscles was consistent across movement directions, reaction time for the rectus abdominis and multifidus muscles varied with the direction of limb movement. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: Results suggest that the central nervous system deals with stabilization of the spine by contraction of the abdominal and multifidus muscles in anticipation of reactive forces produced by limb movement. The TrA and oblique abdominal muscles appear to contribute to a function not related to the direction of these forces. AD - Department of Physiotherapy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. hodges@physio.therapies.uq.oz.au UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9037214 ID - 407 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hodges, P.W. AU - Richardson, C.A. PY - 1998 TI - Delayed postural contraction of transversus abdominis in low back pain associated with movement of the lower limb SP - 46-56 JF - Journal of Spinal Disorders VL - 11 N1 - Delayed postural contraction of transversus abdominis in low back pain associated with movement of the lower limb ID - 685 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Holmich, P. AU - Larsen, K. AU - Krogsgaard, K. AU - Gluud, C. PY - 2010 TI - Exercise program for prevention of groin pain in football players: a cluster-randomized trial SP - 814-21 N1 - Dec JF - Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports JO - Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports VL - 20 IS - 6 SN - 1600-0838 (Electronic) 0905-7188 (Linking) N1 - Randomized Controlled Trial N1 - Exercise program for prevention of groin pain in football players: a cluster-randomized trial N1 - 19883386 N1 - Holmich, P Larsen, K Krogsgaard, K Gluud, C Denmark Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Dec;20(6):814-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00998.x. M3 - 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00998.x N1 - eng KW - Confidence Intervals Cumulative Trauma Disorders/etiology/*prevention & control Exercise/*physiology *Exercise Therapy Female Groin/*injuries Humans Kaplan-Meier Estimate Male Multivariate Analysis Pain/etiology/*prevention & control Physical Therapy Modalities Program Development Proportional Hazards Models Regression Analysis Risk Assessment Soccer/*injuries/physiology Surveys and Questionnaires Young Adult N2 - Groin injuries cause major problems in sports and particularly in football. Exercise is effective in treating adductor-related groin pain, but no trials have been published regarding the specific prevention of groin pain or prevention specifically targeting overuse injuries in sport using exercise programs. We performed a cluster-randomized trial including 55 football clubs representing 1211 players. The clubs were randomized to an exercise program aimed at preventing groin injuries (n=27) or to a control group training as usual (n=28). The intervention program consisted of six exercises including strengthening (concentric and eccentric), coordination, and core stability exercises for the muscles related to the pelvis. Physiotherapists assigned to each club registered all groin injuries. Twenty-two clubs in each group completed the study, represented by 977 players. There was no significant effect of the intervention (HR=0.69, 95% CI 0.40-1.19). The risk of a groin injury was reduced by 31%, but this reduction was not significant. A univariate analysis showed that having had a previous groin injury almost doubles the risk of developing a new groin injury and playing at a higher level almost triples the risk of developing a groin injury. AD - Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Centre, Amager Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. per.holmich@amh.regionh.dk UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19883386 ID - 429 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, W.G. PY - 2004 TI - How to interpret changes in an athletic performance test SP - 1-7 JF - Sportscience VL - 8 N1 - How to interpret changes in an athletic performance test ID - 686 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hotta, T. AU - Nishiguchi, S. AU - Fukutani, N. AU - Tashiro, Y. AU - Adachi, D. AU - Morino, S. AU - Shirooka, H. AU - Nozaki, Y. AU - Hirata, H. AU - Yamaguchi, M. AU - Aoyama, T. PY - 2015 TI - Functional movement screen for predicting running injuries in 18- to 24-year-old competitive male runners SP - 2808-15 N1 - Oct JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research JO - Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association VL - 29 IS - 10 SN - 1533-4287 (Electronic) 1064-8011 (Linking) N1 - Functional movement screen for predicting running injuries in 18- to 24-year-old competitive male runners N1 - 25853918 N1 - Hotta, Takayuki Nishiguchi, Shu Fukutani, Naoto Tashiro, Yuto Adachi, Daiki Morino, Saori Shirooka, Hidehiko Nozaki, Yuma Hirata, Hinako Yamaguchi, Moe Aoyama, Tomoki J Strength Cond Res. 2015 Oct;29(10):2808-15. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000962. M3 - 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000962 N1 - eng N2 - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the functional movement screen (FMS) could predict running injuries in competitive runners. Eighty-four competitive male runners (average age = 20.0 +/- 1.1 years) participated. Each subject performed the FMS, which consisted of 7 movement tests (each score range: 0-3, total score range: 0-21), during the preseason. The incidence of running injuries (time lost because of injury 12; for women, FMS scores 15. The Youden's Index indicated that the optimal FMS cutpoint was 30 km.wk. Independent t-tests were performed on the composite scores to examine the differences between men and women and also between young (<40 years) and older runners (>40 years). Contingency tables (2 x 2) were developed for each of the 7 screening tests to further look at the differences in groups for each single test. The chi values were calculated to determine significant differences. Statistical significance was set at p .97 for the repeated tests on 5 consecutive days and again 8 weeks later. CONCLUSION: Healthy young men and women possess different endurance profiles for the spine stabilizing musculature. Given the growing support for quantification of endurance, these data of endurance times and their ratios between extensor, flexor, and lateral flexor groups in healthy normal subjects are useful for patient evaluation and for providing clinical training targets. AD - Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10453772 ID - 536 ER - TY - JOUR AU - McGill, S. M. AU - Cholewicki, J. PY - 2001 TI - Biomechanical basis for stability: an explanation to enhance clinical utility SP - 96-100 N1 - Feb JF - Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy JO - The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy VL - 31 IS - 2 SN - 0190-6011 (Print) 0190-6011 (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Biomechanical basis for stability: an explanation to enhance clinical utility N1 - 11232744 N1 - McGill, S M Cholewicki, J J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2001 Feb;31(2):96-100. M3 - 10.2519/jospt.2001.31.2.96 N1 - eng KW - *Biomechanical Phenomena Body Constitution/*physiology Elasticity Humans Joints/physiology Musculoskeletal System/anatomy & histology Postural Balance/*physiology Sensitivity and Specificity AD - Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. mcgill@health.uwaterloo.ca UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11232744 ID - 533 ER - TY - JOUR AU - McGill, S. M. AU - Karpowicz, A. PY - 2009 TI - Exercises for spine stabilization: motion/motor patterns, stability progressions, and clinical technique SP - 118-26 N1 - Jan JF - Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation JO - Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation VL - 90 IS - 1 SN - 1532-821X (Electronic) 0003-9993 (Linking) N1 - Clinical Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Exercises for spine stabilization: motion/motor patterns, stability progressions, and clinical technique N1 - 19154838 N1 - McGill, Stuart M Karpowicz, Amy Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Jan;90(1):118-26. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.06.026. M3 - 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.06.026 N1 - eng KW - Analysis of Variance Decision Making Electromyography/methods Exercise/*physiology Humans Male Muscle Contraction/*physiology Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Postural Balance Rehabilitation/*methods Spine/*physiology Young Adult N2 - OBJECTIVE: To quantify several forms of the curl-up, side-bridge, and birddog exercises (muscle activity and 3-dimensional [3D] spine position) including some corrective techniques to assist clinical decision-making. DESIGN: A basic science study of a convenience sample with a retest of expert intervention. SETTING: Spine Biomechanics Laboratory/Research Clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy men (N=8) performed the exercises, and 5 subjects repeated the exercises as an expert applied corrective techniques. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Surface electromyography of selected trunk and hip muscles together with video analysis and 3D spine posture were collected. RESULTS: Comparison of muscle activation levels showed there were justifiable progressions in each exercise form. In general, bracing of the abdominal wall enhanced activation of the obliques, but different techniques caused migration of muscle activity to other muscles. Examples of specific findings include the following. Movement during these traditionally isometric exercises such as drawing squares with the hand/foot while in the birddog posture enhances activation of many muscle groups. Breathing while holding the isometric exercises had differing effects on muscle activation which was exercise dependent. Some corrective exercise techniques, such as fascial raking, substantially changed relative activation between muscles in the abdominal wall. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented in this study may be used to guide the clinical decision process when choosing a specific exercise form together with selecting the correct starting level, a logical progression, suitable dosage, and possible corrective technique to enhance tolerance of a patient. AD - Department of Kinesiology, Spine Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. mcgill@healthy.uwaterloo.ca UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19154838 ID - 535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - McGuine, T. A. AU - Greene, J. J. AU - Best, T. AU - Leverson, G. PY - 2000 TI - Balance as a predictor of ankle injuries in high school basketball players SP - 239-44 N1 - Oct JF - Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine JO - Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine VL - 10 IS - 4 SN - 1050-642X (Print) 1050-642X (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Balance as a predictor of ankle injuries in high school basketball players N1 - 11086748 N1 - McGuine, T A Greene, J J Best, T Leverson, G Clin J Sport Med. 2000 Oct;10(4):239-44. N1 - eng KW - Adolescent Ankle Injuries/*physiopathology Ankle Joint/*physiology Basketball/*injuries Cohort Studies Female Humans Joint Instability/physiopathology Logistic Models Male Postural Balance/*physiology Posture/physiology Predictive Value of Tests Risk Factors Sprains and Strains/*physiopathology N2 - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine if a preseason measurement of balance while in a unilateral stance could predict susceptibility to ankle injury in a cohort of high school basketball players. Predicting risk for ankle injury could be important in helping to reduce the risk of these injuries and furthermore save health care costs. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Data were collected at five high schools during the first 2 weeks of the 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 basketball seasons. SUBJECTS: 210 (119 male, age = 16.1 +/- 1.1 yr; height = 182.98 +/- 7.4 cm; weight = 76.4 +/- 10.9 kg; and 91 female, age = 16.3 +/- 1.3 yr; height = 170.9 +/- 7.8 cm; weight = 63.4 +/- 8.4 kg) high school basketball players who did not sustain a time loss ankle or knee injury within the previous 12 months served as subjects. Subjects did not use prophylactic ankle taping or bracing during the season. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: Balance was quantified from postural sway scores measured while subjects performed unilateral balance tests with eyes both open and closed. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine if gender, dominant leg, and balance scores were related to ankle sprain injuries. In addition, Fischer's exact test was used to determine if the rate of ankle injuries was the same whether the subject had poor, average, or good balance. Balance was assessed by measuring postural sway with the NeuroCom New Balance Master version 6.0 (NeuroCom International, Clackamas, OR, U.S.A.). Testing to determine postural sway consisted of having subjects stand on one leg for three trials of 10 seconds with their eyes open, then repeated with their eyes closed. Subjects then underwent the same assessment while standing on the other leg. Postural sway was defined as the average degrees of sway per second (degrees S/S) for the 12 trials producing a compilation (COMP) score. OUTCOME MEASURES: Ankle injury resulting in missed participation. RESULTS: Subjects who sustained ankle sprains had a preseason COMP score of 2.01 +/- 0.32 (Mean +/- SD), while athletes who did not sustain ankle injuries had a score of 1.74 +/- 0.31. Higher postural sway scores corresponded to increased ankle sprain injury rates (p = 0.001). Subjects who demonstrated poor balance (high sway scores) had nearly seven times as many ankle sprains as subjects who had good balance (low sway scores) (p = 0.0002.) CONCLUSION: In this cohort of high school basketball players, pre-season balance measurement (postural sway) served as a predictor of ankle sprain susceptibility. AD - Athletic Training Program, University of Wisconsin Health Sports Medicine Center, Madison 53711, USA. ta.mcguine@hosp.wisc.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11086748 ID - 539 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mendiguchia, J. AU - Ford, K. R. AU - Quatman, C. E. AU - Alentorn-Geli, E. AU - Hewett, T. E. PY - 2011 TI - Sex differences in proximal control of the knee joint SP - 541-57 N1 - Jul 1 JF - Sports Medicine JO - Sports medicine VL - 41 IS - 7 SN - 1179-2035 (Electronic) 0112-1642 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review N1 - Sex differences in proximal control of the knee joint N1 - 21688868 N1 - Mendiguchia, Jurdan Ford, Kevin R Quatman, Carmen E Alentorn-Geli, Eduard Hewett, Timothy E R01 AR049735/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ R01 AR055563/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ R01 AR056259/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ R01-AR049735/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ R01-AR05563/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ R01-AR056259/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ R03 AR057551/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ R03-AR057551/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ New Zealand Auckland, N.Z. Sports Med. 2011 Jul 1;41(7):541-57. doi: 10.2165/11589140-000000000-00000. M3 - 10.2165/11589140-000000000-00000 N1 - eng KW - Abdomen/anatomy & histology/*physiology Anterior Cruciate Ligament/*injuries *Biomechanical Phenomena Female Hip Joint/anatomy & histology Humans Knee Joint/anatomy & histology Lumbosacral Region/anatomy & histology/*physiology Male Musculoskeletal Physiological Processes Pelvis/anatomy & histology/*physiology Risk Factors Sex Factors N2 - Following the onset of maturation, female athletes have a significantly higher risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury compared with male athletes. While multiple sex differences in lower-extremity neuromuscular control and biomechanics have been identified as potential risk factors for ACL injury in females, the majority of these studies have focused specifically on the knee joint. However, increasing evidence in the literature indicates that lumbo-pelvic (core) control may have a large effect on knee-joint control and injury risk. This review examines the published evidence on the contributions of the trunk and hip to knee-joint control. Specifically, the sex differences in potential proximal controllers of the knee as risk factors for ACL injury are identified and discussed. Sex differences in trunk and hip biomechanics have been identified in all planes of motion (sagittal, coronal and transverse). Essentially, female athletes show greater lateral trunk displacement, altered trunk and hip flexion angles, greater ranges of trunk motion, and increased hip adduction and internal rotation during sport manoeuvres, compared with their male counterparts. These differences may increase the risk of ACL injury among female athletes. Prevention programmes targeted towards trunk and hip neuromuscular control may decrease the risk for ACL injuries. AD - Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center and Human Performance Laboratory, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21688868 ID - 546 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mokha, M. AU - Sprague, P. A. AU - Gatens, D. R. PY - 2016 TI - Predicting musculoskeletal injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletes from asymmetries and individual-test versus composite functional movement screen scores SP - doi 10.4085/1062-6050-51.2.07 N1 - Jan 21 JF - Journal of Athletic Training JO - Journal of athletic training SN - 1938-162X (Electronic) 1062-6050 (Linking) N1 - Predicting musculoskeletal injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletes from asymmetries and individual-test versus composite functional movement screen scores N1 - 26794630 N1 - Mokha, Monique Sprague, Peter A Gatens, Dustin R J Athl Train. 2016 Jan 21. M3 - 10.4085/1062-6050-51.2.07 N1 - Eng N2 - CONTEXT: Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores of 14). Pearson chi2 analyses were used to determine if MSI could be predicted by the composite FMS score or an asymmetry or score of 1 on an individual FMS test (P < .05). RESULTS: Athletes with FMS scores of 14 (LC: risk ratio (RR) = 1.65, 95% confidence interval = 1.05-2.59, P = 0.03; SC: RR = 1.91, 95% confidence interval = 1.21-3.01, P < 0.01). Overall, 79.8% of persons with scores /=280 had scores 4 mMol/L). Net training times were calculated. RESULTS: The relation between total training hours and time (successive Olympiads) was not progressive (r = .51, P > .5). A strong positive linear relation (r = .96, P < .01) was found between training distribution in zone 1 and time. Zones 2 and 3 both showed a strong negative linear relation to time (r = -.94, P < .01; r = -.97, P < .01). No significant relation was found between speed skating hours and time (r = -.11, P > .05). This was also the case for inline skating and time (r = -.86, P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that in speed skating there was a shift toward polarized training over the last 38 y. This shift seems to be the most important factor in the development of Olympic speed skaters. Surprisingly there was no relation found between training hours, skating hours, and time. AD - MOVE Research Inst, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24408352 ID - 186 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Paillard, T. AU - Costes-Salon, C. AU - Lafont, C. AU - Dupui, P. PY - 2002 TI - Are there differences in postural regulation according to the level of competition in judoists? SP - 304-5 JF - British Journal of Sports Medicine VL - 36 IS - 4 N1 - Are there differences in postural regulation according to the level of competition in judoists? ID - 583 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Paillard, T. AU - Noe, F. PY - 2006 TI - Effect of expertise and visual contribution on postural control in soccer SP - 345-8 JF - Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports VL - 16 N1 - Effect of expertise and visual contribution on postural control in soccer ID - 581 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Paillard, T. AU - Noe, F. AU - Riviere, T. AU - Marion, V. AU - Montoya, R. AU - Dupui, P. PY - 2006 TI - Postural performance and strategy in the unipedal stance of soccer players at different levels of competition SP - 172-6 JF - Journal of Athletic Training VL - 41 IS - 2 N1 - Postural performance and strategy in the unipedal stance of soccer players at different levels of competition ID - 582 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Panjabi, M. M. PY - 1992 TI - The stabilizing system of the spine. Part II. Neutral zone and instability hypothesis SP - 390-6 N1 - Dec JF - Journal of Spinal Disorders JO - Journal of spinal disorders VL - 5 IS - 4 SN - 0895-0385 (Print) 0895-0385 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. N1 - The stabilizing system of the spine. Part II. Neutral zone and instability hypothesis N1 - 1490035 N1 - Panjabi, M M AR30361/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ AR39209/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ J Spinal Disord. 1992 Dec;5(4):390-6; discussion 397. N1 - eng KW - Animals Biomechanical Phenomena Humans Joint Instability/physiopathology *Models, Biological Movement/physiology Muscles/physiology Posture/physiology Spinal Diseases/physiopathology Spine/innervation/*physiology N2 - The neutral zone is a region of intervertebral motion around the neutral posture where little resistance is offered by the passive spinal column. Several studies--in vitro cadaveric, in vivo animal, and mathematical simulations--have shown that the neutral zone is a parameter that correlates well with other parameters indicative of instability of the spinal system. It has been found to increase with injury, and possibly with degeneration, to decrease with muscle force increase across the spanned level, and also to decrease with instrumented spinal fixation. In most of these studies, the change in the neutral zone was found to be more sensitive than the change in the corresponding range of motion. The neutral zone appears to be a clinically important measure of spinal stability function. It may increase with injury to the spinal column or with weakness of the muscles, which in turn may result in spinal instability or a low-back problem. It may decrease, and may be brought within the physiological limits, by osteophyte formation, surgical fixation/fusion, and muscle strengthening. The spinal stabilizing system adjusts so that the neutral zone remains within certain physiological thresholds to avoid clinical instability. AD - Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1490035 ID - 187 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parchmann, C.J. AU - McBride, J.M. PY - 2011 TI - Relationship between functional movement screen and athletic performance. SP - 3378-84 JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research VL - 25 N1 - Relationship between functional movement screen and athletic performance. ID - 585 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Peate, W. F. AU - Bates, G. AU - Lunda, K. AU - Francis, S. AU - Bellamy, K. PY - 2007 TI - Core strength: a new model for injury prediction and prevention SP - 1-9 JF - Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology JO - Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology VL - 2 SN - 1745-6673 (Electronic) 1745-6673 (Linking) N1 - Core strength: a new model for injury prediction and prevention N1 - 17428333 N1 - Peate, W F Bates, Gerry Lunda, Karen Francis, Smitha Bellamy, Kristen England London, England J Occup Med Toxicol. 2007 Apr 11;2:3. M3 - 10.1186/1745-6673-2-3 N1 - eng N2 - OBJECTIVE: Many work in injury prone awkward positions that require adequate flexibility and strength in trunk stabilizer muscle groups. Performance on a functional movement screen (FMS) that assessed those factors was conducted and an intervention was designed. METHODS: A battery of FMS tests were performed on 433 firefighters. We analyzed the correlation between FMS performance and injuries and other selected parameters. An intervention to improve flexibility and strength in trunk stabilizer or core muscle groups through a training program was evaluated. RESULTS: The intervention reduced lost time due to injuries by 62% and the number of injuries by 42% over a twelve month period as compared to a historical control group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that core strength and functional movement enhancement programs to prevent injuries in workers whose work involves awkward positions is warranted. AD - University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman Arizona College of Public Health, Drachman Hall, 1295 N, Martin Avenue, Tucson, Arizona, USA. peate@email.arizona.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17428333 ID - 586 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Pontillo, M. AU - Spinelli, B. A. AU - Sennett, B. J. PY - 2014 TI - Prediction of in-season shoulder injury from preseason testing in division I collegiate football players SP - 497-503 N1 - Nov JF - Sports Health JO - Sports health VL - 6 IS - 6 SN - 1941-7381 (Print) 1941-0921 (Linking) N1 - Prediction of in-season shoulder injury from preseason testing in division I collegiate football players N1 - 25364482 N1 - Pontillo, Marisa Spinelli, Bryan A Sennett, Brian J Sports Health. 2014 Nov;6(6):497-503. doi: 10.1177/1941738114523239. M3 - 10.1177/1941738114523239 N1 - eng N2 - BACKGROUND: Collegiate football is a high-demand sport in which shoulder injuries are common. Research has described the incidence of these injuries, with little focus on causative factors or injury prevention. HYPOTHESIS: Football athletes who score lower on preseason strength and functional testing are more likely to sustain an in-season shoulder injury. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2. METHODS: Twenty-six collegiate football players underwent preseason testing with a rotational profile for shoulder range of motion, isometric strength of the rotator cuff at 90 degrees elevation and external rotation in the 90/90 position, fatigue testing (prone-Y, scaption, and standing cable press), and the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST). Data collected postseason included the type of shoulder injury and the side injured. Logistic regression was used to determine if the testing measures predicted injury, and a receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to examine the relationship of CKCUEST to injury. RESULTS: Six athletes sustained shoulder injuries during the season. Predictor variables could significantly predict whether that player would sustain an injury during the season for both the right and left shoulders (P < 0.05). The variables that were significantly correlated with injury of the right side were forward elevation strength, prone-Y to fatigue, and the CKCUEST (P < 0.05); on the left, only the CKCUEST was significant (P < 0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the CKCUEST was 0.86 ( = 0.87, P = 0.01). Using a score of 21 touches, the CKCUEST had a sensitivity of 0.83, a specificity of 0.79, and an odds ratio of 18.75 in determining whether a player sustained a shoulder injury. CONCLUSION: For this sample, the combination of preseason strength, fatigue, and functional testing was able to identify football players who would sustain a shoulder injury during the season. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Using a battery of strength, fatigue, and functional testing may be helpful in identifying football players during preseason who are at a higher risk for sustaining a shoulder injury. This information can be used to optimize preseason testing and implementation of injury prevention programs. AD - GSPP Penn Therapy and Fitness at Penn Sports Medicine Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25364482 ID - 587 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Prieske, O. AU - Muehlbauer, T. AU - Borde, R. AU - Gube, M. AU - Bruhn, S. AU - Behm, D. G. AU - Granacher, U. PY - 2016 TI - Neuromuscular and athletic performance following core strength training in elite youth soccer: Role of instability SP - 48-56 N1 - Jan JF - Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports JO - Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports VL - 26 IS - 1 SN - 1600-0838 (Electronic) 0905-7188 (Linking) N1 - Neuromuscular and athletic performance following core strength training in elite youth soccer: Role of instability N1 - 25559249 N1 - Prieske, O Muehlbauer, T Borde, R Gube, M Bruhn, S Behm, D G Granacher, U Denmark Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016 Jan;26(1):48-56. doi: 10.1111/sms.12403. Epub 2015 Jan 6. M3 - 10.1111/sms.12403 N1 - eng N2 - Cross-sectional studies revealed that inclusion of unstable elements in core-strengthening exercises produced increases in trunk muscle activity and thus potential extra stimuli to induce more pronounced performance enhancements in youth athletes. Thus, the purpose of the study was to investigate changes in neuromuscular and athletic performance following core strength training performed on unstable (CSTU) compared with stable surfaces (CSTS) in youth soccer players. Thirty-nine male elite soccer players (age: 17 +/- 1 years) were assigned to two groups performing a progressive core strength-training program for 9 weeks (2-3 times/week) in addition to regular in-season soccer training. CSTS group conducted core exercises on stable (i.e., floor, bench) and CSTU group on unstable (e.g., Thera-Band(R) Stability Trainer, Togu(c) Swiss ball) surfaces. Measurements included tests for assessing trunk muscle strength/activation, countermovement jump height, sprint time, agility time, and kicking performance. Statistical analysis revealed significant main effects of test (pre vs post) for trunk extensor strength (5%, P < 0.05, d = 0.86), 10-20-m sprint time (3%, P < 0.05, d = 2.56), and kicking performance (1%, P < 0.01, d = 1.28). No significant Group x test interactions were observed for any variable. In conclusion, trunk muscle strength, sprint, and kicking performance improved following CSTU and CSTS when conducted in combination with regular soccer training. AD - Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. Department of Sports Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany. School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25559249 ID - 650 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Puentedura, E.J. AU - Louw, A. PY - 2012 TI - A neuroscience approach to managing athletes with low back pain SP - 123-33 JF - Physical Therapy in Sport VL - 13 IS - 3 N1 - A neuroscience approach to managing athletes with low back pain M3 - 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.12.001 ID - 206 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Purcell, L. AU - Micheli, L. PY - 2009 TI - Low back pain in young athletes SP - 212-22 N1 - May JF - Sports Health JO - Sports health VL - 1 IS - 3 SN - 1941-7381 (Print) 1941-0921 (Linking) N1 - Low back pain in young athletes N1 - 23015874 N1 - Purcell, Laura Micheli, Lyle Sports Health. 2009 May;1(3):212-22. M3 - 10.1177/1941738109334212 N1 - eng N2 - CONTEXT: Low back pain in young athletes is a common complaint and should be taken seriously. It frequently results from a structural injury that requires a high degree of suspicion to diagnose and treat appropriately. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A Medline search was conducted from 1996 to May 2008 using the search terms "low back pain in children" and "low back pain in athletes." Known texts on injuries in young athletes were also reviewed. References in retrieved articles were additionally searched for relevant articles. Sources were included if they contained information regarding diagnosis and treatment of causes of low back pain in children. RESULTS: Low back pain is associated with sports involving repetitive extension, flexion, and rotation, such as gymnastics, dance, and soccer. Both acute and overuse injuries occur, although overuse injuries are more common. Young athletes who present with low back pain have a high incidence of structural injuries such as spondylolysis and other injuries to the posterior elements of the spine. Disc-related pathology is much less common. Simple muscle strains are much less likely in this population and should be a diagnosis of exclusion only. CONCLUSION: Young athletes who present with low back pain are more likely to have structural injuries and therefore should be investigated fully. Muscle strain should be a diagnosis of exclusion. Treatment should address flexibility and muscle imbalances. Injuries can be prevented by recognizing and addressing risk factors. Return to sport should be a gradual process once the pain has resolved and the athlete has regained full strength. AD - London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23015874 ID - 190 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Putnam, C. A. PY - 1993 TI - Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: descriptions and explanations SP - 125-35 JF - Journal of Biomechanics JO - Journal of biomechanics VL - 26 SN - 0021-9290 (Print) 0021-9290 (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: descriptions and explanations N1 - 8505347 N1 - Putnam, C A J Biomech. 1993;26 Suppl 1:125-35. N1 - eng KW - Biomechanical Phenomena Extremities/*physiology Humans Motor Activity/*physiology Motor Skills/*physiology Psychomotor Performance/physiology Sports/*physiology N2 - The motions of segments participating in striking and throwing skills are generally sequenced in a proximal-to-distal fashion. These sequences are often described in terms of the linear velocities of the segment endpoints, joint angular velocities or segment angular velocities. While each method of description has its own merit, the latter is recommended since it leads to an intuitively pleasing way of explaining segment motions. Explanations of segment motion sequences are dependent not only on a knowledge of the joint moments driving the system of linked segments, but on the way the segments interact as functions of their motions and orientations. The motion-dependent interaction among segments is significant and offers an explanation of the sequencing of segment motions. As illustrated by the thigh and lower leg in kicking and by the upper arm and forearm in overarm pitching, the forward acceleration of the proximal segment plays a large role in causing the distal segment to lag behind. The subsequent forward acceleration of the distal segment is largely a result of the way the proximal segment interacts with the distal segment as a function of the proximal segment's angular velocity. The proximal segment is subsequently slowed down largely due to the motion-dependent effect of the distal segment on the proximal segment. Differences in the way segments interact in striking and throwing skills can account for variations in the timing of segment actions and these differences need to be examined before establishing general principles governing striking and throwing. AD - School of Physical Education, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8505347 ID - 589 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Radebold, A. AU - Cholewicki, J. AU - Polzhofer, G. K. AU - Greene, H. S. PY - 2001 TI - Impaired postural control of the lumbar spine is associated with delayed muscle response times in patients with chronic idiopathic low back pain SP - 724-30 N1 - Apr 1 JF - Spine JO - Spine VL - 26 IS - 7 SN - 0362-2436 (Print) 0362-2436 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Impaired postural control of the lumbar spine is associated with delayed muscle response times in patients with chronic idiopathic low back pain N1 - 11295888 N1 - Radebold, A Cholewicki, J Polzhofer, G K Greene, H S Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001 Apr 1;26(7):724-30. N1 - eng KW - Adult Age Factors Body Weight/physiology Chronic Disease Female Humans Linear Models Low Back Pain/etiology/*physiopathology Lumbar Vertebrae/*physiopathology Male Middle Aged Postural Balance/physiology Posture/*physiology Reaction Time/*physiology N2 - STUDY DESIGN: Balance performance in unstable sitting and trunk muscle response to quick force release were measured in 16 patients with chronic low back pain and 14 matched healthy control subjects. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether patients with low back pain will exhibit poorer postural control, which will be associated with longer average muscle response times. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Larger postural sway during standing and delayed trunk muscle response times for patients with low back pain have been reported in several independent studies. METHODS: Unstable sitting test was accomplished by attaching different sized hemispheres to the bottom of a seat. Subjects performed trials with eyes open and closed while the displacements of the center of pressure were measured with a force plate underneath the seat. Response to a quick force release was recorded from 12 major trunk muscles with surface electromyography. Subjects performed isometric trunk exertions in a semi-seated position when the resisted force was suddenly released with an electromagnet. Average muscle response times and balance performance were correlated using a linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Patients with low back pain demonstrated poorer balance performance than healthy control volunteers, especially at the most difficult levels. Patients also had delayed muscle response times to quick force release. Average muscle onset times together with age and weight correlated significantly with balance performance with closed eyes (R(2) = 0.46), but not with eyes opened (R(2) = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic low back pain demonstrated poorer postural control of the lumbar spine and longer trunk muscle response times than healthy control volunteers. Correlation between these two phenomena suggests a common underlying pathology in the lumbar spine. AD - Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8071, USA. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295888 ID - 591 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Reed, C.A. AU - Ford, K.R. AU - Myer, G.D. AU - Hewett, T.E. PY - 2012 TI - The effects of isolated and integrated 'core stability' training on athletic performance measures: a systematic review. SP - 697-706 JF - Sports Medicine VL - 42 IS - 8 N1 - The effects of isolated and integrated 'core stability' training on athletic performance measures: a systematic review. M3 - 10.2165/11633450-000000000-00000. ID - 593 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Reeves, N. P. AU - Cholewicki, J. AU - Silfies, S. P. PY - 2006 TI - Muscle activation imbalance and low-back injury in varsity athletes SP - 264-72 N1 - Jun JF - Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology JO - Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology VL - 16 IS - 3 SN - 1050-6411 (Print) 1050-6411 (Linking) N1 - Controlled Clinical Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Muscle activation imbalance and low-back injury in varsity athletes N1 - 16129623 N1 - Reeves, N Peter Cholewicki, Jacek Silfies, Sheri P 1R01 AR 46844/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ England J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2006 Jun;16(3):264-72. Epub 2005 Aug 29. M3 - 10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.07.008 N1 - eng KW - Adult Athletic Injuries/complications/*physiopathology Female Humans *Isometric Contraction Low Back Pain/etiology/*physiopathology Male Muscle, Skeletal/*physiopathology *Postural Balance Students N2 - There are conflicting findings in the literature regarding erector spinae activation imbalance in people with low-back pain (LBP). Some studies have found asymmetric recruitment between muscle pairs in people with LBP, whilst other studies have not; some reported people with LBP recruit more lumbar muscles whilst other have reported greater thoracic activity. Using 242 varsity athletes, EMG activity of thoracic and lumbar erector spinae pairs was recorded during an isometric trunk extension. Activation imbalance among muscle pairs and levels was compared between athletes with and without a history of low-back injury (HxLBI). There were no group differences in the imbalance between sides, but the HxLBI group had greater activation imbalance between lumbar and thoracic levels than the No HxLBI group. Activation imbalance between levels was similar for individuals with No HxLBI and those who sustained first time injury suggesting that imbalance does not cause LBI. There was no difference between the athletes with single and multiple episode LBI, nor between short and long symptom duration suggesting that the presence of imbalance is not an impairment. Interestingly, activation imbalance occurred in both directions, meaning more thoracic activity for some, and more lumbar activity for others, which might be a functional adaptation related to pathology. AD - Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208071, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129623 ID - 596 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Reeves, N.P. AU - Narendra, K.S. AU - Cholewicki, J. PY - 2007 TI - Spine stability: the six blind men and the elephant SP - 266-74 JF - Clinical Biomechanics VL - 22 N1 - Spine stability: the six blind men and the elephant ID - 597 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Richardson, C. A. AU - Jull, G. A. AU - Hodges, P. W. AU - Hides, J. A. PY - 1999 BT - Therapeutic exercise for spinal segmental stabilization in low back pain: Scientific basis and clinical approach CY - Edinburgh PB - Churchill Livingstone SP - 1-185 N1 - Therapeutic exercise for spinal segmental stabilization in low back pain: Scientific basis and clinical approach SN - 0-443-05802-4 ID - 695 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Saeterbakken, A.H. AU - Andersen, V. AU - Jansson, J. AU - Kvellestad, A.C. AU - Fimland, M.S. PY - 2014 TI - Effects of BOSU ball(s) during sit-ups with body weight and added resistance on core muscle activation SP - 3515-22 JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research VL - 28 IS - 12 N1 - Effects of BOSU ball(s) during sit-ups with body weight and added resistance on core muscle activation M3 - 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000565 ID - 600 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Saeterbakken, A.H. AU - Fimland, M.S. AU - Navarsete, J. AU - Kroken, T. AU - van der Tillaar, R. PY - 2015 TI - Muscle activity, and the association between core strength, core endurarnce and core stability. SP - 55-61 JF - Journal of Novel Physiotherapy and Physical Rehabilitation VL - 2 N1 - Muscle activity, and the association between core strength, core endurarnce and core stability. ID - 601 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Saeterbakken, A. H. AU - van den Tillaar, R. AU - Seiler, S. PY - 2011 TI - Effect of core stability training on throwing velocity in female handball players SP - 712-8 N1 - Mar JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research JO - Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association VL - 25 IS - 3 SN - 1533-4287 (Electronic) 1064-8011 (Linking) N1 - Controlled Clinical Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Effect of core stability training on throwing velocity in female handball players N1 - 20581697 N1 - Saeterbakken, Atle H van den Tillaar, Roland Seiler, Stephen J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Mar;25(3):712-8. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cc227e. M3 - 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cc227e N1 - eng KW - Adolescent Arm/physiology Athletes Athletic Performance/*physiology Female Humans Muscle Strength/physiology Muscle, Skeletal/physiology Resistance Training/*methods Sports/physiology N2 - The purpose was to study the effect of a sling exercise training (SET)-based core stability program on maximal throwing velocity among female handball players. Twenty-four female high-school handball players (16.6 +/- 0.3 years, 63 +/- 6 kg, and 169 +/- 7 cm) participated and were initially divided into a SET training group (n = 14) and a control group (CON, n = 10). Both groups performed their regular handball training for 6 weeks. In addition, twice a week, the SET group performed a progressive core stability-training program consisting of 6 unstable closed kinetic chain exercises. Maximal throwing velocity was measured before and after the training period using photocells. Maximal throwing velocity significantly increased 4.9% from 17.9 +/- 0.5 to 18.8 +/- 0.4 m.s in the SET group after the training period (p < 0.01), but was unchanged in the control group (17.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 16.9 +/- 0.4 m.s). These results suggest that core stability training using unstable, closed kinetic chain movements can significantly improve maximal throwing velocity. A stronger and more stable lumbopelvic-hip complex may contribute to higher rotational velocity in multisegmental movements. Strength coaches can incorporate exercises exposing the joints for destabilization force during training in closed kinetic chain exercises. This may encourage an effective neuromuscular pattern and increase force production and can improve a highly specific performance task such as throwing. AD - Faculty of Teacher Education and Sport, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Norway. atle.saeterbakken@hisf.no UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581697 ID - 599 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sale, D. AU - MacDougall, D. PY - 1981 TI - Specificity in strength training: a review for the coach and athlete SP - 87-92 N1 - Jun JF - Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences JO - Canadian journal of applied sport sciences. Journal canadien des sciences appliquees au sport VL - 6 IS - 2 SN - 0700-3978 (Print) 0700-3978 (Linking) N1 - Review N1 - Specificity in strength training: a review for the coach and athlete N1 - 7016357 N1 - Sale, D MacDougall, D CANADA Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1981 Jun;6(2):87-92. N1 - eng KW - Humans Isometric Contraction Muscle Contraction Physical Education and Training/*methods *Physical Endurance *Sports UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7016357 ID - 602 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sandbakk, O. AU - Holmberg, H. C. PY - 2014 TI - A reappraisal of success factors for Olympic cross-country skiing SP - 117-21 N1 - Jan JF - International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance JO - International journal of sports physiology and performance VL - 9 IS - 1 SN - 1555-0265 (Print) 1555-0265 (Linking) N1 - A reappraisal of success factors for Olympic cross-country skiing N1 - 24088346 N1 - Sandbakk, Oyvind Holmberg, Hans-Christer Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2014 Jan;9(1):117-21. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0373. Epub 2013 Oct 1. M3 - 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0373 N1 - eng KW - Adaptation, Physiological Athletic Performance/*physiology Biomechanical Phenomena Humans Oxygen Consumption/physiology Physical Conditioning, Human Physical Endurance/physiology Physical Fitness/physiology Resistance Training Skiing/*physiology N2 - Cross-country (XC) skiing has been an Olympic event since the first Winter Games in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Due to more effective training and tremendous improvements in equipment and track preparation, the speed of Olympic XC-ski races has increased more than that of any other Olympic endurance sport. Moreover, pursuit, mass-start, and sprint races have been introduced. Indeed, 10 of the 12 current Olympic competitions in XC skiing involve mass starts, in which tactics play a major role and the outcome is often decided in the final sprint. Accordingly, reappraisal of the success factors for performance in this context is required. The very high aerobic capacity (VO2max) of many of today's world-class skiers is similar that of their predecessors. At the same time, the new events provide more opportunities to profit from anaerobic capacity, upper-body power, high-speed techniques, and "tactical flexibility." The wide range of speeds and slopes involved in XC skiing requires skiers to continuously alternate between and adapt different subtechniques during a race. This technical complexity places a premium on efficiency. The relative amounts of endurance training performed at different levels of intensity have remained essentially constant during the past 4 decades. However, in preparation for the Sochi Olympics in 2014, XC skiers are performing more endurance training on roller skis on competition-specific terrain, placing greater focus on upper-body power and more systematically performing strength training and skiing at high speeds than previously. AD - Dept of Human Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24088346 ID - 197 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sell, T. C. AU - Tsai, Y. S. AU - Smoliga, J. M. AU - Myers, J. B. AU - Lephart, S. M. PY - 2007 TI - Strength, flexibility, and balance characteristics of highly proficient golfers SP - 1166-71 N1 - Nov JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research JO - Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association VL - 21 IS - 4 SN - 1533-4287 (Electronic) 1064-8011 (Linking) N1 - Strength, flexibility, and balance characteristics of highly proficient golfers N1 - 18076270 N1 - Sell, Timothy C Tsai, Yung-Shen Smoliga, James M Myers, Joseph B Lephart, Scott M J Strength Cond Res. 2007 Nov;21(4):1166-71. M3 - 10.1519/R-21826.1 N1 - eng KW - Athletic Performance/*physiology Biomechanical Phenomena Cohort Studies Golf/*physiology Humans Lower Extremity/physiology Male Middle Aged Muscle Strength/*physiology Postural Balance/*physiology Range of Motion, Articular/*physiology Upper Extremity/physiology N2 - Despite the emergence of golf-specific training programs and training aids, relatively little research has been conducted examining the physical characteristics that are important to golf performance. We studied the strength, flexibility, and balance characteristics of golfers across 3 proficiency levels based on handicap index (HCP) (<0, 1-9, and 10-20) to determine the physical characteristics unique to highly proficient golfers. A total of 257 (age: 45.5 +/- 12.8 years, height: 180.6 +/- 6.5 cm, weight: 87.9 +/- 12.6 kg) healthy, male golfers participated in the study. Testing included an assessment of strength (torso, shoulder, and hip), flexibility (torso, shoulder, and hip), and single-leg balance. Golfers in the highest proficiency group (HCP < 0) had significantly (p < 0.05) greater hip strength, torso strength, shoulder strength, shoulder flexibility, hip flexibility, torso flexibility, and balance (eyes open) than golfers in the lowest proficiency group (HCP 10-20). The results of this study demonstrate that better golfers possess unique physical characteristics that are important to greater proficiency. These characteristics have also been demonstrated to be modifiable through golf-specific training programs. AD - Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. tcs15@pitt.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076270 ID - 607 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Shultz, R. AU - Anderson, S. C. AU - Matheson, G. O. AU - Marcello, B. AU - Besier, T. PY - 2013 TI - Test-retest and interrater reliability of the functional movement screen SP - 331-6 N1 - May-Jun JF - Journal of Athletic Training JO - Journal of athletic training VL - 48 IS - 3 SN - 1938-162X (Electronic) 1062-6050 (Linking) N1 - Comparative Study N1 - Test-retest and interrater reliability of the functional movement screen N1 - 23675792 N1 - Shultz, Rebecca Anderson, Scott C Matheson, Gordon O Marcello, Brandon Besier, Thor J Athl Train. 2013 May-Jun;48(3):331-6. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-48.2.11. Epub 2013 Feb 20. M3 - 10.4085/1062-6050-48.2.11 N1 - eng KW - *Athletes Athletic Injuries/*prevention & control Cross-Sectional Studies Female Humans Male Mass Screening/*methods Movement/*physiology Reproducibility of Results Video Recording Young Adult N2 - CONTEXT: The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a popular test to evaluate the degree of painful, dysfunctional, and asymmetric movement patterns. Despite great interest in the FMS, test-retest reliability data have not been published. OBJECTIVE: To assess the test-retest and interrater reliability of the FMS and to compare the scoring by 1 rater during a live session and the same session on video. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Human performance laboratory in the sports medicine center. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 21 female (age = 19.6 +/- 1.5 years, height = 1.7 +/- 0.1 m, mass = 64.4 +/- 5.1 kg) and 18 male (age = 19.7 +/- 1.0 years, height = 1.9 +/- 0.1 m, mass = 80.1 +/- 9.9 kg) National Collegiate Athletic Association Division IA varsity athletes volunteered. INTERVENTION(S): Each athlete was tested and retested 1 week later by the same rater who also scored the athlete's first session from a video recording. Five other raters scored the video from the first session. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The Krippendorff alpha (K alpha) was used to assess the interrater reliability, whereas intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to assess the test-retest reliability and reliability of live-versus-video scoring. RESULTS: Good reliability was found for the test-retest (ICC = 0.6), and excellent reliability was found for the live-versus-video sessions (ICC = 0.92). Poor reliability was found for the interrater reliability (K alpha = .38). CONCLUSIONS: The good test-retest and high live-versus-video session reliability show that the FMS is a usable tool within 1 rater. However, the low interrater K alpha values suggest that the FMS within the limits of generalization should not be used indiscriminately to detect deficiencies that place the athlete at greater risk for injury. The FMS interrater reliability may be improved with better training for the rater. AD - Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA. rshultz@stanford.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23675792 ID - 604 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Silfies, S. P. AU - Cholewicki, J. AU - Reeves, N. P. AU - Greene, H. S. PY - 2007 TI - Lumbar position sense and the risk of low back injuries in college athletes: a prospective cohort study SP - 1-7 JF - BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders JO - BMC musculoskeletal disorders VL - 8 SN - 1471-2474 (Electronic) 1471-2474 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural N1 - Lumbar position sense and the risk of low back injuries in college athletes: a prospective cohort study N1 - 18166132 N1 - Silfies, Sheri P Cholewicki, Jacek Reeves, N Peter Greene, Hunter S R01 AR46844/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ England BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Dec 31;8:129. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-8-129. M3 - 10.1186/1471-2474-8-129 N1 - eng KW - Adult Athletic Injuries/etiology/*physiopathology Back Injuries/etiology/*physiopathology Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Lumbar Vertebrae/*physiopathology Male *Movement *Proprioception Prospective Studies Reproducibility of Results Risk Factors Sensory Thresholds *Students Time Factors N2 - BACKGROUND: Impaired proprioception in the lumbar spine has often been reported in people with low back pain. However, no prospective studies exist to assert the cause and effect of this association. We hypothesized that athletes with a history of low back injury (LBI) would demonstrate poorer lumbar position sense (PS) than athletes without a history of LBI, and that this deficit would be a risk factor for future LBI. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study with 2-3 year follow-up. Lumbar spine PS in the transverse plane was evaluated in 292 athletes using three tests: 1) passive and 2) active trunk repositioning, and 3) motion perception threshold. Mean absolute (accuracy) and variable (precision) errors were computed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the repositioning errors or motion perception threshold between athletes with and without a history of LBI or between those who did and did not get injured during the follow-up. Active trunk repositioning resulted in smaller errors than passive repositioning (1.6 degrees +/- 0.8 degrees ) versus 2.1 degrees +/- 1.0 degrees ) and 1.7 degrees +/- 0.8 degrees ) versus 2.3 degrees +/- 1.1 degrees ) for the absolute and relative errors, respectively). CONCLUSION: Poor trunk PS in transverse plane is not associated with LBI in athletes, nor does it appear that poor trunk PS predisposes athletes to LBI. AD - Rehabilitation Sciences Research Laboratory, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. silfies@drexel.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166132 ID - 612 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Silfies, S. P. AU - Ebaugh, D. AU - Pontillo, M. AU - Butowicz, C. M. PY - 2015 TI - Critical review of the impact of core stability on upper extremity athletic injury and performance SP - 360-8 N1 - Sep-Oct JF - Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy JO - Brazilian journal of physical therapy VL - 19 IS - 5 SN - 1809-9246 (Electronic) 1413-3555 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Critical review of the impact of core stability on upper extremity athletic injury and performance N1 - 26537806 N1 - Silfies, Sheri P Ebaugh, David Pontillo, Marisa Butowicz, Courtney M Brazil Braz J Phys Ther. 2015 Sep-Oct;19(5):360-8. doi: 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0108. Epub 2015 Sep 1. M3 - 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0108 N1 - eng N2 - BACKGROUND: Programs designed to prevent or rehabilitate athletic injuries or improve athletic performance frequently focus on core stability. This approach is based upon the theory that poor core stability increases the risk of poor performance and/or injury. Despite the widespread use of core stability training amongst athletes, the question of whether or not sufficient evidence exists to support this practice remains to be answered. OBJECTIVES: 1) Open a dialogue on the definition and components of core stability. 2) Provide an overview of current science linking core stability to musculoskeletal injuries of the upper extremity. 3) Provide an overview of evidence for the association between core stability and athletic performance. DISCUSSION: Core stability is the ability to control the position and movement of the trunk for optimal production, transfer, and control of forces to and from the upper and lower extremities during functional activities. Muscle capacity and neuromuscular control are critical components of core stability. A limited body of evidence provides some support for a link between core stability and upper extremity injuries amongst athletes who participate in baseball, football, or swimming. Likewise, few studies exist to support a relationship between core stability and athletic performance. CONCLUSIONS: A limited body of evidence exists to support the use of core stability training in injury prevention or performance enhancement programs for athletes. Clearly more research is needed to inform decision making when it comes to inclusion or emphasis of core training when designing injury prevention and rehabilitation programs for athletes. AD - Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537806 ID - 610 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Smith, B.E. AU - Littlewood, C. AU - May, S. PY - 2014 TI - An update of stabilisation exercises for low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. SP - 1-21 JF - BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders VL - 15 N1 - An update of stabilisation exercises for low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. M3 - 10.1186/1471-2474-15-416 ID - 614 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Smith, C.E. AU - Nyland, J. AU - Caudill, P. AU - Brosky, J. AU - Caborn, D.N. PY - 2008 TI - Dynamic trunk stabilization: a conceptual back injury prevention program for volleyball athletes. SP - 703-20 JF - Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy VL - 38 IS - 11 N1 - Dynamic trunk stabilization: a conceptual back injury prevention program for volleyball athletes. M3 - 10.2519/jospt.2008.2814 ID - 613 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Stanton, R. AU - Reaburn, P.R. AU - Humphries, B. PY - 2004 TI - The effect of short term Swiss ball training on core stability and running economy SP - 522-8 JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research VL - 18 N1 - The effect of short term Swiss ball training on core stability and running economy ID - 615 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Steffen, K. AU - Myklebust, G. AU - Olsen, O.E. AU - Holme, I. AU - Bahr, R. PY - 2008 TI - Preventing injuries in female youth football--a cluster-randomized controlled trial SP - 605-14 JF - Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports VL - 18 IS - 5 N1 - Preventing injuries in female youth football--a cluster-randomized controlled trial M3 - 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00703.x ID - 616 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Stevens, V. K. AU - Coorevits, P. L. AU - Bouche, K. G. AU - Mahieu, N. N. AU - Vanderstraeten, G. G. AU - Danneels, L. A. PY - 2007 TI - The influence of specific training on trunk muscle recruitment patterns in healthy subjects during stabilization exercises SP - 271-9 N1 - Aug JF - Manual Therapy JO - Manual therapy VL - 12 IS - 3 SN - 1532-2769 (Electronic) 1356-689X (Linking) N1 - The influence of specific training on trunk muscle recruitment patterns in healthy subjects during stabilization exercises N1 - 16971159 N1 - Stevens, Veerle K Coorevits, Pascal L Bouche, Katie G Mahieu, Nele N Vanderstraeten, Guy G Danneels, Lieven A Scotland Man Ther. 2007 Aug;12(3):271-9. Epub 2006 Sep 12. M3 - 10.1016/j.math.2006.07.009 N1 - eng KW - Abdominal Muscles/physiology Adult Biomechanical Phenomena Cross-Sectional Studies Electromyography *Exercise Therapy Female Humans *Isometric Contraction/physiology Low Back Pain/*rehabilitation Lumbosacral Region Male Multivariate Analysis Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology N2 - Low back pain is a major problem involving high medical costs, therefore effective prevention strategies are essential. Stabilization exercises seem to facilitate the neuromuscular control of the lumbar spine and may be useful in prevention programs. To investigate whether specific lumbar stabilization training has an effect on muscle recruitment patterns in a healthy population, in the present study 30 subjects were recruited to perform two types of testing exercises, i.e. bridging exercises and exercises in four-point kneeling, both before and after training. Surface electromyographic data of different abdominal and back muscles were obtained. After training, analysis of the relative muscle activity levels (percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction) showed a higher activity of the local (segmental-stabilizing) abdominal muscles, but not of the local back muscles; minimal changes in global (torque-producing) muscle activity also occurred. Analysis of the local/global relative muscle activity ratios revealed higher ratios during all exercises after training, although not all differences were significant. These results indicate that muscle recruitment patterns can be changed in healthy subjects by means of a training program that focuses on neuromuscular control. Additional studies are needed to evaluate this type of training as a prevention strategy. AD - Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, Belgium. Veerle.Stevens@UGent.be UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971159 ID - 620 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Stodden, D.F. AU - Fleisig, G.S. AU - McLean, S.P. AU - Andrews, J.R. PY - 2005 TI - Relationship of biomechanical factors to baseball pitching velocity: within pitcher variation. SP - 44-56 JF - Journal of Applied Biomechanics VL - 21 IS - 1 N1 - Relationship of biomechanical factors to baseball pitching velocity: within pitcher variation. ID - 621 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tate, A. AU - Turner, G. N. AU - Knab, S. E. AU - Jorgensen, C. AU - Strittmatter, A. AU - Michener, L. A. PY - 2012 TI - Risk factors associated with shoulder pain and disability across the lifespan of competitive swimmers SP - 149-58 N1 - Mar-Apr JF - Journal of Athletic Training JO - Journal of athletic training VL - 47 IS - 2 SN - 1938-162X (Electronic) 1062-6050 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Risk factors associated with shoulder pain and disability across the lifespan of competitive swimmers N1 - 22488280 N1 - Tate, Angela Turner, Gregory N Knab, Sarah E Jorgensen, Colbie Strittmatter, Andrew Michener, Lori A J Athl Train. 2012 Mar-Apr;47(2):149-58. N1 - eng KW - Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Athletes Child Cross-Sectional Studies Female Humans Joint Instability/physiopathology Male Middle Aged Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology Range of Motion, Articular/*physiology Risk Factors Sex Factors Shoulder/*injuries Shoulder Joint/injuries/physiology/physiopathology Shoulder Pain/*epidemiology/*physiopathology Swimming/*physiology Young Adult N2 - CONTEXT: The prevalence of shoulder pain among competitive swimmers is high, but no guidelines exist to reduce shoulder injuries. Elucidating differences between swimmers with and without shoulder pain can serve as a basis for the development of a program to prevent shoulder injury that might lead to pain and dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether physical characteristics, exposure, or training variables differ between swimmers with and without shoulder pain or disability. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Multisite swimming centers. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 236 competitive female swimmers aged 8 to 77 years. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Participants completed the Penn Shoulder Score and underwent testing of core endurance, range of motion, muscle force production, and pectoralis minor muscle length and the Scapular Dyskinesis Test. Swimmers were grouped by age for analysis: ages 8 to 11 years (n = 42), 12 to 14 years (n = 43), 15 to 19 years (high school, n = 84), and 23 to 77 years (masters, n = 67). Comparisons were made between groups with and without pain and disability using independent t tests for continuous data and chi(2) analyses and Fisher exact tests for categorical data. RESULTS: Nine (21.4%) swimmers aged 8 to 11 years, 8 (18.6%) swimmers aged 12 to 14 years, 19 (22.6%) high school swimmers, and 13 (19.4%) masters swimmers had shoulder pain and disability. Differences that were found in 2 or more age groups between athletes with and without shoulder pain and disability included greater swimming exposure, a higher incidence of previous traumatic injury and patient-rated shoulder instability, and reduced participation in another sport in the symptomatic groups (P < .05). Reduced shoulder flexion motion, weakness of the middle trapezius and internal rotation, shorter pectoralis minor and latissimus, participation in water polo, and decreased core endurance were found in symptomatic females in single varying age groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Female competitive swimmers have shoulder pain and disability throughout their lives. Given that exposure and physical examination findings varied between athletes with and without substantial pain and disability, a program to prevent shoulder injury that might lead to pain and dysfunction appears warranted and might include exposure reduction, cross-training, pectoral and posterior shoulder stretching, strengthening, and core endurance training. AD - Arcadia University, 450 South Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA. tatea@arcadia.edu UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22488280 ID - 622 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Teyhen, D. S. AU - Shaffer, S. W. AU - Lorenson, C. L. AU - Halfpap, J. P. AU - Donofry, D. F. AU - Walker, M. J. AU - Dugan, J. L. AU - Childs, J. D. PY - 2012 TI - The Functional Movement Screen: a reliability study SP - 530-40 N1 - Jun JF - Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy JO - The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy VL - 42 IS - 6 SN - 1938-1344 (Electronic) 0190-6011 (Linking) N1 - Validation Studies N1 - The Functional Movement Screen: a reliability study N1 - 22585621 N1 - Teyhen, Deydre S Shaffer, Scott W Lorenson, Chelsea L Halfpap, Joshua P Donofry, Dustin F Walker, Michael J Dugan, Jessica L Childs, John D J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Jun;42(6):530-40. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2012.3838. Epub 2012 May 14. M3 - 10.2519/jospt.2012.3838 N1 - eng KW - Adolescent Adult Athletic Injuries/*etiology/prevention & control Confidence Intervals Exercise Test/*instrumentation/methods Female Health Status Indicators Humans Male Movement/*physiology Reproducibility of Results Risk Assessment/*methods Statistics as Topic Time Factors Young Adult N2 - STUDY DESIGN: Reliability study. OBJECTIVES: To determine intrarater test-retest and interrater reliability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) among novice raters. BACKGROUND: The FMS is used by various examiners to assess movement and predict time-loss injuries in diverse populations (eg, youth to professional athletes, firefighters, military service members) of active participants. Unfortunately, critical analysis of the reliability of the FMS is currently limited to 1 sample of active college-age participants. METHODS: Sixty-four active-duty service members (mean +/- SD age, 25.2 +/- 3.8 years; body mass index, 25.1 +/- 3.1 kg/m2) without a history of injury were enrolled. Participants completed the 7 component tests of the FMS in a counterbalanced order. Each component test was scored on an ordinal scale (0 to 3 points), resulting in a composite score ranging from 0 to 21 points. Intrarater test-retest reliability was assessed between baseline scores and those obtained with repeated testing performed 48 to 72 hours later. Interrater reliability was based on the assessment from 2 raters, selected from a pool of 8 novice raters, who assessed the same movements on day 2 simultaneously. Descriptive statistics, weighted kappa (kappaw), and percent agreement were calculated on component scores. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of the measurement, minimal detectable change (MDC95), and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated on composite scores. RESULTS: The average +/- SD score on the FMS was 15.7 +/- 0.2 points, with 15.6% (n = 10) of the participants scoring less than or equal to 14 points, the recommended cutoff for predicting time-loss injuries. The intrarater test-retest and interrater reliability of the FMS composite score resulted in an ICC3,1 of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.85) and an ICC2,1 of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.83), respectively. The standard error of the measurement of the composite test was within 1 point, and the MDC95 values were 2.1 and 2.5 points on the 21-point scale for interrater and intrarater reliability, respectively. The interrater agreement of the component scores ranged from moderate to excellent (kappaw = 0.45-0.82). CONCLUSION: Among novice raters, the FMS composite score demonstrated moderate to good interrater and intrarater reliability, with acceptable levels of measurement error. The measures of reliability and measurement error were similar for both intrarater reliability that repeated the assessment of the movement patterns over a 48-to-72-hour period and interrater reliability that had 2 raters assess the same movement pattern simultaneously. The interrater agreement of the FMS component scores was good to excellent for the push-up, quadruped, shoulder mobility, straight leg raise, squat, hurdle, and lunge. Only 15.6% (n = 10) of the participants were identified to be at risk for injury based on previously published cutoff values. AD - US Army Public Health Command Region-South, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA. dteyhen@gmail.com UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22585621 ID - 605 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tonnessen, E. AU - Rasdal, V. AU - Svendsen, I. S. AU - Haugen, T. A. AU - Hem, E. AU - Sandbakk, O. PY - 2015 TI - Concurrent development of endurance capacity and explosiveness: The training characteristics of world-class nordic combined athletes SP - 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0309 N1 - Nov 9 JF - International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance JO - International journal of sports physiology and performance SN - 1555-0273 (Electronic) 1555-0265 (Linking) N1 - Concurrent development of endurance capacity and explosiveness: The training characteristics of world-class nordic combined athletes N1 - 26561961 N1 - Tonnessen, Espen Rasdal, Vegard Svendsen, Ida S Haugen, Thomas A Hem, Erlend Sandbakk, Oyvind Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015 Nov 9. M3 - 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0309 N1 - Eng N2 - Performing at an elite level in Nordic combined requires both the explosiveness required for ski jumping performance as well as endurance capacity required for cross-country skiing. PURPOSE: To describe the characteristics of world-class Nordic combined athletes training, and to determine how endurance and non-endurance (i.e. strength, power and ski jumping) training is periodized. METHODS: Annual training characteristics and the periodization of endurance and non-endurance training were determined by analysing the training diaries of six world-class Nordic combined athletes. RESULTS: Of 846 +/- 72 annual training hours, 540 +/- 37 hours were endurance training, with 88.6% being low-, 5.9% moderate- and 5.5% high-intensity training. While training frequency remained relatively constant, the total training volume was reduced from the general preparatory to the competition phase, primarily due to less low- and moderate-intensity training (p<0.05). 236 +/- 55 hours per year were spent as non-endurance training, including 211 +/- 44 hours of jump training (908 +/- 165 ski jumps and ski-jump imitations). The proportion of non-endurance training increased significantly towards the competition phase (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: World-class Nordic combined athletes reduce the volume of low- and moderate-intensity endurance training towards the competition phase, followed by an increase in the relative contribution of power and ski jump training. These data provide novel insight on how successful athletes execute their training, and may facilitate more precise coaching of future athletes in this sport. Additionally, this information is of high relevance for the training organization of other sports that require optimization of two fundamentally different physical capacities. AD - The Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26561961 ID - 200 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tonnessen, E. AU - Svendsen, I. S. AU - Ronnestad, B. R. AU - Hisdal, J. AU - Haugen, T. A. AU - Seiler, S. PY - 2015 TI - The annual training periodization of 8 world champions in orienteering SP - 29-38 N1 - Jan JF - International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance JO - International journal of sports physiology and performance VL - 10 IS - 1 SN - 1555-0265 (Print) 1555-0265 (Linking) N1 - The annual training periodization of 8 world champions in orienteering N1 - 24896267 N1 - Tonnessen, Espen Svendsen, Ida S Ronnestad, Bent R Hisdal, Jonny Haugen, Thomas A Seiler, Stephen Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015 Jan;10(1):29-38. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0005. Epub 2014 May 29. M3 - 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0005 N1 - eng KW - Adult Competitive Behavior/*physiology Female Humans Male Mountaineering/*physiology Physical Education and Training/*methods Physical Endurance/*physiology Young Adult N2 - One year of training data from 8 elite orienteers were divided into a transition phase (TP), general preparatory phase (GPP), specific preparatory phase (SPP), and competition phase (CP). Average weekly training volume and frequency, hours at different intensities (zones 1-3), cross-training, running, orienteering, interval training, continuous training, and competition were calculated. Training volume was higher in GPP than TP, SPP, and CP (14.9 vs 9.7, 11.5, and 10.6 h/wk, P < .05). Training frequency was higher in GPP than TP (10 vs 7.5 sessions/wk, P < .05). Zone 1 training was higher in GPP than TP, SPP, and CP (11.3 vs 7.1, 8.3, and 7.7 h/wk, P < .05). Zone 3 training was higher in SPP and CP than in TP and GPP (0.9 and 1.1 vs 1.6 and 1.5 h/ wk, P < .05). Cross-training was higher in GPP than SPP and CP (4.3 vs 0.8 h/wk, P < .05). Interval training was higher in GPP than TP, SPP, and CP (0.7 vs 0.3 h/wk, P < .05). High-intensity continuous training was higher in GPP than CP (0.9 vs 0.4 h/ wk, P < .05), while competition was higher in SPP and CP than in TP and GPP (1.3 and 1.5 vs 0.6 and 0.3 h/wk, P < .01). In conclusion, these champion endurance athletes achieved a progressive reduction in total training volume from GPP to CP via a shortening of each individual session while the number of training sessions remained unchanged. This decrease in training volume was primarily due to a reduction in the number of hours of low-intensity, non-sport-specific cross-training. AD - Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24896267 ID - 199 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tonnessen, E. AU - Sylta, O. AU - Haugen, T. A. AU - Hem, E. AU - Svendsen, I. S. AU - Seiler, S. PY - 2014 TI - The road to gold: training and peaking characteristics in the year prior to a gold medal endurance performance SP - e101796 JF - PLoS One JO - PloS one VL - 9 IS - 7 SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking) N1 - The road to gold: training and peaking characteristics in the year prior to a gold medal endurance performance N1 - 25019608 N1 - Tonnessen, Espen Sylta, Oystein Haugen, Thomas A Hem, Erlend Svendsen, Ida S Seiler, Stephen PLoS One. 2014 Jul 14;9(7):e101796. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101796. eCollection 2014. M3 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0101796 N1 - eng KW - Adult *Athletes Athletic Performance/*physiology Female Humans Male Norway Oxygen Consumption/physiology Physical Conditioning, Human/*methods Physical Endurance/*physiology Statistics, Nonparametric Time Factors N2 - PURPOSE: To describe training variations across the annual cycle in Olympic and World Champion endurance athletes, and determine whether these athletes used tapering strategies in line with recommendations in the literature. METHODS: Eleven elite XC skiers and biathletes (4 male; 28+/-1 yr, 85+/-5 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1) VO2max, 7 female, 25+/-4 yr, 73+/-3 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1) VO2max) reported one year of day-to-day training leading up to the most successful competition of their career. Training data were divided into periodization and peaking phases and distributed into training forms, intensity zones and endurance activity forms. RESULTS: Athletes trained approximately 800 h/500 sessions x year(-1), including approximately 500 h x year(-1) of sport-specific training. Ninety-four percent of all training was executed as aerobic endurance training. Of this, approximately 90% was low intensity training (LIT, below the first lactate threshold) and 10% high intensity training (HIT, above the first lactate threshold) by time. Categorically, 23% of training sessions were characterized as HIT with primary portions executed at or above the first lactate turn point. Training volume and specificity distribution conformed to a traditional periodization model, but absolute volume of HIT remained stable across phases. However, HIT training patterns tended to become more polarized in the competition phase. Training volume, frequency and intensity remained unchanged from pre-peaking to peaking period, but there was a 32+/-15% (P<.01) volume reduction from the preparation period to peaking phase. CONCLUSIONS: The annual training data for these Olympic and World champion XC skiers and biathletes conforms to previously reported training patterns of elite endurance athletes. During the competition phase, training became more sport-specific, with 92% performed as XC skiing. However, they did not follow suggested tapering practice derived from short-term experimental studies. Only three out of 11 athletes took a rest day during the final 5 days prior to their most successful competition. AD - The Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway. Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom. UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25019608 ID - 198 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tropp, H. AU - Ekstrand, J. AU - Gillquist, J. PY - 1984 TI - Stabilometry in functional instability of the ankle and its value in predicting injury. SP - 64-6 JF - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise VL - 16 N1 - Stabilometry in functional instability of the ankle and its value in predicting injury. ID - 624 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tse, M. A. AU - McManus, A. M. AU - Masters, R. S. PY - 2005 TI - Development and validation of a core endurance intervention program: implications for performance in college-age rowers SP - 547-52 N1 - Aug JF - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research JO - Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association VL - 19 IS - 3 SN - 1064-8011 (Print) 1064-8011 (Linking) N1 - Validation Studies N1 - Development and validation of a core endurance intervention program: implications for performance in college-age rowers N1 - 16095402 N1 - Tse, Michael A McManus, Alison M Masters, Richard S W J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Aug;19(3):547-52. M3 - 10.1519/15424.1 N1 - eng KW - Adult Analysis of Variance Humans Male Muscle, Skeletal/physiology Physical Education and Training/*methods Physical Endurance/*physiology Physical Fitness/physiology Program Development Sports/*physiology N2 - The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a core endurance exercise protocol. Forty-five college-age rowers (age 21 +/- 1.0) were assigned to either a core training group [core group] (n = 25), which took part in a core endurance intervention exercise protocol, or to a control training group [control group] (n = 20), which was not given any specialized core training. Training took place 2 days per week for 8 weeks. Trunk endurance was assessed using flexion, extension, and side flexion tests, whereas a variety of functional performance measures were assessed (vertical jump, broad jump, shuttle run, 40-m sprint, overhead medicine ball throw, 2,000-m maximal rowing ergometer test). The results revealed significant improvement in the two side flexion tests for the core group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, significant differences were noted in the trunk extension test endurance times for the control group (p < 0.05), but not for the core group. No significant differences were found for any of the functional performance tests. In summary, the 8-week core endurance training program improved selected core endurance parameters in healthy young men, but the effectiveness of the core intervention on various functional performance aspects was not supported. AD - Institute of Human Performance, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. matsega@hkusua.hku.hk UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16095402 ID - 625 ER - TY - JOUR AU - van Beijsterveldt, A.M. AU - van de Port, I.G. AU - Krist, M.R. AU - Schmikli, S.L. AU - Stubbe, J.H. AU - Frederiks, J.E. AU - Backx, F.J. PY - 2012 TI - Effectiveness of an injury prevention programme for adult male amateur soccer players: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. SP - 1114-8 JF - British Journal of Sports Medicine VL - 46 IS - 16 N1 - Effectiveness of an injury prevention programme for adult male amateur soccer players: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. M3 - 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091277 ID - 626 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vibe Fersum, K. AU - O'Sullivan, P. AU - Skouen, J. S. AU - Smith, A. AU - Kvale, A. PY - 2013 TI - Efficacy of classification-based cognitive functional therapy in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial SP - 916-28 N1 - Jul JF - European Journal of Pain JO - European journal of pain VL - 17 IS - 6 SN - 1532-2149 (Electronic) 1090-3801 (Linking) N1 - Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Efficacy of classification-based cognitive functional therapy in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial N1 - 23208945 N1 - Vibe Fersum, K O'Sullivan, P Skouen, J S Smith, A Kvale, A England London, England Eur J Pain. 2013 Jul;17(6):916-28. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00252.x. Epub 2012 Dec 4. M3 - 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00252.x N1 - eng KW - Adult Chronic Pain/*therapy *Cognitive Therapy/methods Disability Evaluation Exercise Therapy/methods Female Humans Low Back Pain/*therapy Male Middle Aged Musculoskeletal Manipulations/methods Pain Measurement/methods Physical Therapy Modalities Posture/physiology Treatment Outcome N2 - BACKGROUND: Non-specific chronic low back pain disorders have been proven resistant to change, and there is still a lack of clear evidence for one specific treatment intervention being superior to another. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the efficacy of a behavioural approach to management, classification-based cognitive functional therapy, compared with traditional manual therapy and exercise. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the group differences in treatment effects. Primary outcomes at 12-month follow-up were Oswestry Disability Index and pain intensity, measured with numeric rating scale. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age between 18 and 65 years, diagnosed with non-specific chronic low back pain for >3 months, localized pain from T12 to gluteal folds, provoked with postures, movement and activities. Oswestry Disability Index had to be >14% and pain intensity last 14 days >2/10. A total of 121 patients were randomized to either classification-based cognitive functional therapy group n = 62) or manual therapy and exercise group (n > = 59). RESULTS: The classification-based cognitive functional therapy group displayed significantly superior outcomes to the manual therapy and exercise group, both statistically (p < 0.001) and clinically. For Oswestry Disability Index, the classification-based cognitive functional therapy group improved by 13.7 points, and the manual therapy and exercise group by 5.5 points. For pain intensity, the classification-based cognitive functional therapy improved by 3.2 points, and the manual therapy and exercise group by 1.5 points. CONCLUSIONS: The classification-based cognitive functional therapy produced superior outcomes for non-specific chronic low back pain compared with traditional manual therapy and exercise. AD - Physiotherapy Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Norway. kjartan.fersum@isf.uib.no UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23208945 ID - 627 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Walden, M. AU - Atroshi, I. AU - Magnusson, H. AU - Wagner, P. AU - Hagglund, M. PY - 2012 TI - Prevention of acute knee injuries in adolescent female football players: cluster randomised controlled trial SP - e3042 JF - BMJ JO - Bmj VL - 344 SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic) 0959-535X (Linking) N1 - Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Prevention of acute knee injuries in adolescent female football players: cluster randomised controlled trial N1 - 22556050 N1 - Walden, Markus Atroshi, Isam Magnusson, Henrik Wagner, Philippe Hagglund, Martin England Clinical research ed. BMJ. 2012 May 3;344:e3042. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e3042. M3 - 10.1136/bmj.e3042 N1 - eng KW - Adolescent Anterior Cruciate Ligament/*injuries Athletic Injuries/*prevention & control Child Cluster Analysis Exercise/physiology Exercise Therapy/*methods Female Humans Intention to Treat Analysis Knee Injuries/epidemiology/*prevention & control Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*statistics & numerical data Regression Analysis Sex Characteristics Sex Distribution Soccer/*injuries Sweden/epidemiology N2 - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of neuromuscular training in reducing the rate of acute knee injury in adolescent female football players. DESIGN: Stratified cluster randomised controlled trial with clubs as the unit of randomisation. SETTING: 230 Swedish football clubs (121 in the intervention group, 109 in the control group) were followed for one season (2009, seven months). PARTICIPANTS: 4564 players aged 12-17 years (2479 in the intervention group, 2085 in the control group) completed the study. INTERVENTION: 15 minute neuromuscular warm-up programme (targeting core stability, balance, and proper knee alignment) to be carried out twice a week throughout the season. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury; secondary outcomes were rates of severe knee injury (>4 weeks' absence) and any acute knee injury. RESULTS: Seven players (0.28%) in the intervention group, and 14 (0.67%) in the control group had an anterior cruciate ligament injury. By Cox regression analysis according to intention to treat, a 64% reduction in the rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury was seen in the intervention group (rate ratio 0.36, 95% confidence interval 0.15 to 0.85). The absolute rate difference was -0.07 (95% confidence interval -0.13 to 0.001) per 1000 playing hours in favour of the intervention group. No significant rate reductions were seen for secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: A neuromuscular warm-up programme significantly reduced the rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury in adolescent female football players. However, the absolute rate difference did not reach statistical significance, possibly owing to the small number of events. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trials NCT00894595. AD - Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linkoping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden. markus.walden@telia.com UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556050 ID - 630 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Warren, M. AU - Smith, C. A. AU - Chimera, N. J. PY - 2015 TI - Association of the functional movement screen with injuries in division I athletes SP - 163-70 N1 - May JF - Journal of Sport Rehabilitation JO - Journal of sport rehabilitation VL - 24 IS - 2 SN - 1543-3072 (Electronic) 1056-6716 (Linking) N1 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Association of the functional movement screen with injuries in division I athletes N1 - 25203695 N1 - Warren, Meghan Smith, Craig A Chimera, Nicole J J Sport Rehabil. 2015 May;24(2):163-70. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2013-0141. Epub 2014 Sep 8. M3 - 10.1123/jsr.2013-0141 N1 - eng N2 - CONTEXT: The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) evaluates performance in 7 fundamental movement patterns using a 4-point scale. Previous studies have reported increased injury risk with a composite score (CS) of 14/21 or less; these studies were limited to specific sports and injury definition. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between FMS CS and movement pattern scores and acute noncontact and overuse musculoskeletal injuries in division I college athletes. An exploratory objective was to assess the association between injury and FMS movement pattern asymmetry. DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: College athletic facilities. PARTICIPANTS: 167 injury-free, college basketball, football, volleyball, cross country, track and field, swimming/ diving, soccer, golf, and tennis athletes (males = 89). INTERVENTION: The FMS was administered during pre-participation examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Noncontact or overuse injuries that required intervention from the athletic trainer during the sport season. RESULTS: FMS CS was not different between those injured (n = 74; 14.3 +/- 2.5) and those not (14.1 +/- 2.4; P = .57). No point on the ROC curve maximized sensitivity and specificity; therefore previously published cut-point was used for analysis with injury (or= .05). Uninjured women demonstrated significantly less average error in active proprioceptive repositioning than uninjured men (1.5 degrees vs 1.7 degrees , P